ArticleArthritis care & research2020
Association of Sjögren's Syndrome With Reduced Lifetime Sex Hormone Exposure: A Case-Control Study.
Article in Arthritis care & research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04816370 (Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Affects Female Genitalia and Sexual Functions), which is not on this map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Affects Female Genitalia and Sexual Functions: A Case Control Study
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex steroids and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: state of the art.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2020Pooled it
- Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of estrogen replacement therapy combined with autologous serum therapy in controlling severe dry eye disease in perimenopausal women.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Female cancer incidence before and after diagnosis of primary Sjögren's disease: A retrospective cohort study.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Article
- Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome, Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy: Clinical Decisions in Times of Uncertainty.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Hormonal risk factors and androgen and glucocorticoid dysregulation in Sjogren's disease and non-Sjogren's sicca.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Salivary Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Sjögren's Syndrome: A Review of the Last Decade.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Sjögren's Syndrome: Epidemiology, Classification Criteria, Molecular Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment.MedComm · 2025Review
- Elucidating Regulatory Mechanisms of Genes Involved in Pathobiology of Sjögren's Disease: Immunostimulation Using a Cell Culture Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The Impact of Menopause on Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- HLA-DR genotypes in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome in Taiwan.The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences · 2024Article
- Patients' recollection about the onset of Sjögren's disease - a mixed methods study on the patients' perspective.Arthritis research & therapy · 2024Article
- A comprehensive review of Sjögren's syndrome: Classification criteria, risk factors, and signaling pathways.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Causality between autoimmune diseases and breast cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study in a European population.Discover oncology · 2024Article
- Novel autoantibodies help diagnose anti-SSA antibody negative Sjögren disease and predict abnormal labial salivary gland pathology.Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2024Article
- AutoDock and molecular dynamics-based therapeutic potential prediction of flavonoids for primary Sjögren's syndrome.Heliyon · 2024Article
- A new insight on evaluation of the fertility and pregnancy outcome in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome: a propensity score matched study in multi-IVF centers.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2024Article
- Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients with Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Therapy: A Multi-center Retrospective Study.Rheumatology and therapy · 2023Article
- Causal associations of Sjögren's syndrome with cancers: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Arthritis research & therapy · 2023Article
- Genetics and epigenetics of primary Sjögren syndrome: implications for future therapies.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2023Review
- Menstrual and Reproductive Characteristics of Patients with Primary Sjogren's Syndrome: A 7-year Single-center Retrospective Study.Current medical science · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo test whether cumulative estrogen exposure, as determined by age at menarche, age at menopause, female hormone use, hysterectomy, and parity, have an effect on the development of primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS).
methodsWe performed a case-control study of 2,680 women from the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance registry, including 1,320 registrants with primary SS and 1,360 with sicca symptoms but no key features of primary SS (sicca controls). The composite estrogen score (CES) was calculated by point assignment for early menarche (age ≤10 years), high parity (>3 pregnancies), hysterectomy, female hormone use, and late menopause (age ≥53 years). Cumulative menstrual cycling (CMC) was calculated as years menstruating minus time pregnant.
resultsUsing a regression model that adjusted for age, recruitment site, ethnicity, education, employment status, and smoking, we observed a progressive inverse trend between primary SS and CES. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were as follows for the sicca control group: CES 1, OR 0.81 (95% CI 0.67-0.99); CES 2, OR 0.74 (95% CI 0.57-0.97); CES 3, OR 0.50 (95% CI 0.30-0.86). This trend was corroborated by analysis of CMC. At the highest level of CMC within the postmenopausal group there was a 24% reduction in cumulative sex hormone exposure among primary SS participants relative to controls.
conclusionWomen with primary SS have lower estrogen exposure and CMC compared to sicca controls. Increasing estrogen exposure was negatively associated with development of primary SS. Further longitudinal studies of sex hormone exposure in primary SS are needed to confirm these findings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.