ReviewCancers2019
The 6th R of Radiobiology: Reactivation of Anti-Tumor Immune Response.
Review in Cancers, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Bridging Radiotherapy to Immunotherapy: The IFN-JAK-STAT Axis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Short-Course Preoperative Radiation Therapy for Rectal Cancer: Toward a Curative Radio-Immuno-Biological Approach?Advances in radiation oncology · 2026Article
- Review
- From bench to bedside: advancing our understanding of radioresistance in rectal cancer.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2026Review
- Beyond apoptosis: nanomedicine enabled reprogramming of tumor cell death for next-generation radiosensitization.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Revisiting the Immunological Landscape of Locoregional Therapies for Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Shift Toward Interventional Immuno-Oncology.Current oncology reports · 2026Review
- Screening and identification of key genes related to the immune microenvironment of rectal cancer influenced by radiotherapy based on bioinformatics methods.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Article
- Assessment of proton versus photon therapy in the reduction of lymphopaenia in thoracic cancers: A scoping review.Technical innovations & patient support in radiation oncology · 2026Review
- Minibeam radiation therapy does not induce canonical immunogenic cell death or cGAS-STING activation in glioblastoma and astrocyte monocultures.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Early Radiation Therapy Response Assessment Using Multi-Scale Photoacoustic Imaging.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Hypofractionated Radiotherapy Induces ISG15Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Based Radiodynamic Therapy for Malignant Gliomas: A Conceptual Framework for Mitochondria-Centered Mechanisms, Target Cell States and Translational Perspectives.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cancer and Immune Cells: A Metabolic Battle in the Tumor Microenvironment.Cancer treatment and research · 2026Review
- Past present and future of radiosensitization in cervical cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy-driven immunosuppression is associated with poorer progression-free survival in cancer patients.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Article
- Role of non-coding RNAs in radiotherapy sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Evaluation of Proton Minibeam Radiotherapy on Antitumor Immune Responses in a Rat Model of Glioblastoma.Cancer immunology research · 2025Article
- Towards a personalized utilization of stereotactic body radiotherapy for the management of liver metastases in solid tumors.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Review
- [Mechanistic research progress on radiotherapy resistance of cancer stem cells].Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2025Review
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Historically, the 4Rs and then the 5Rs of radiobiology explained the effect of radiation therapy (RT) fractionation on the treatment efficacy. These 5Rs are: Repair, Redistribution, Reoxygenation, Repopulation and, more recently, intrinsic Radiosensitivity. Advances in radiobiology have demonstrated that RT is able to modify the tumor micro environment (TME) and to induce a local and systemic (abscopal effect) immune response. Conversely, RT is able to increase some immunosuppressive barriers, which can lead to tumor radioresistance. Fractionation and dose can affect the immunomodulatory properties of RT. Here, we review how fractionation, dose and timing shape the RT-induced anti-tumor immune response and the therapeutic effect of RT. We discuss how immunomodulators targeting immune checkpoint inhibitors and the cGAS/STING (cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase/Stimulator of Interferon Genes) pathway can be successfully combined with RT. We then review current trials evaluating the RT/Immunotherapy combination efficacy and suggest new innovative associations of RT with immunotherapies currently used in clinic or in development with strategic schedule administration (fractionation, dose, and timing) to reverse immune-related radioresistance. Overall, our work will present the existing evidence supporting the claim that the reactivation of the anti-tumor immune response can be regarded as the 6th R of Radiobiology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.