ArticleNeuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society2021
Tissue Temperature Increases by a 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation System: Phantom and Bioheat Model.
Article in Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of computational models for the design of spinal cord stimulation therapies: from neural circuits to patient-specific simulations.The Journal of physiology · 2023Pooled it
- Comparison of Spinal Cord Stimulation vs. Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation vs. Association of Both in Patients with Refractory Chronic Back and/or Lower Limb Neuropathic Pain: An International, Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Crossover Trial (BOOST-DRG Study).Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2021Trial
- Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator in Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumours Treatment: A Simulation Study of Vibration and Temperature Field.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Role of frequency-dependent and capacitive tissue properties in spinal cord stimulation models.Journal of neural engineering · 2025Article
- Response of dorsal horn neurons in mice to high-frequency (kHz) biphasic stimulation is not sensitive to local temperature rise.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Kilohertz electrical stimulation evokes robust cellular responses like conventional frequencies but distinct population dynamics.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Quasistatic approximation in neuromodulation.Journal of neural engineering · 2024Review
- Selective Infrared Neural Inhibition Can Be Reproduced by Resistive Heating.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2023Article
- Bioheat Model of Spinal Column Heating During High-Density Spinal Cord Stimulation.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2023Article
- Effect of percutaneous electrical stimulation with high-frequency alternating currents at 30 kHz on the sensory-motor system.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Effect of Percutaneous Electric Stimulation with High-Frequency Alternating Currents on the Sensory-Motor System of Healthy Volunteers: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Computational Modeling of Deep Tissue Heating by an Automatic Thermal Massage Bed: Predicting the Effects on Circulation.Frontiers in medical technology · 2022Article
- Development and Clinical Validation of a Finite Element Method Model Mapping Focal Intracranial Cooling.IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · 2022Article
- Management of Chronic and Neuropathic Pain with 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation Technology: Summary of Findings from Preclinical and Clinical Studies.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Failure of SCS MR-Conditional Modes Due to High Impedance: A Review of Literature and Case Series.Pain and therapy · 2021Article
- Treatment of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy-A Narrative Review of Pharmacological and Interventional Approaches.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- A Call to Action Toward Optimizing the Electrical Dose Received by Neural Targets in Spinal Cord Stimulation Therapy for Neuropathic Pain.Journal of pain research · 2021Review
- Anatomical and technical factors affecting the neural response to epidural spinal cord stimulation.Journal of neural engineering · 2020Article
- Ten kilohertz SCS for Treatment of Chronic Upper Extremity Pain (UEP): Results from Prospective Observational Study.Journal of pain research · 2020Article
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Abstract
objectiveA recently introduced Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) system operates at 10 kHz, faster than conventional SCS systems, resulting in significantly more power delivered to tissues. Using a SCS heat phantom and bioheat multi-physics model, we characterized tissue temperature increases by this 10 kHz system. We also evaluated its Implanted Pulse Generator (IPG) output compliance and the role of impedance in temperature increases. MATERIALS AND
methodsThe 10 kHz SCS system output was characterized under resistive loads (1-10 KΩ). Separately, fiber optic temperature probes quantified temperature increases (ΔTs) around the SCS lead in specially developed heat phantoms. The role of stimulation Level (1-7; ideal pulse peak-to-peak of 1-7mA) was considered, specifically in the context of stimulation current Root Mean Square (RMS). Data from the heat phantom were verified with the SCS heat-transfer models. A custom high-bandwidth stimulator provided 10 kHz pulses and sinusoidal stimulation for control experiments.
resultsThe 10 kHz SCS system delivers 10 kHz biphasic pulses (30-20-30 μs). Voltage compliance was 15.6V. Even below voltage compliance, IPG bandwidth attenuated pulse waveform, limiting applied RMS. Temperature increased supralinearly with stimulation Level in a manner predicted by applied RMS. ΔT increases with Level and impedance until stimulator compliance was reached. Therefore, IPG bandwidth and compliance dampen peak heating. Nonetheless, temperature increases predicted by bioheat multi-physic models (ΔT = 0.64°C and 1.42°C respectively at Level 4 and 7 at the cervical segment; ΔT = 0.68°C and 1.72°C respectively at Level 4 and 7 at the thoracic spinal cord)-within ranges previously reported to effect neurophysiology.
conclusionsHeating of spinal tissues by this 10 kHz SCS system theoretically increases quickly with stimulation level and load impedance, while dampened by IPG pulse bandwidth and voltage compliance limitations. If validated in vivo as a mechanism of kHz SCS, bioheat models informed by IPG limitations allow prediction and optimization of temperature changes.
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