ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2019
Indicators of cigarette smoking dependence and relapse in former smokers who vape compared with those who do not: findings from the 2016 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey.
Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nicotine replacement treatment, e-cigarettes and an online behavioural intervention to reduce relapse in recent ex-smokers: a multinational four-arm RCT.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2020Trial
- A pilot study to examine the acceptability and health effects of electronic cigarettes in HIV-positive smokers.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Trial
- Trends in adult exclusive and dual use of combustible and non-combustible tobacco products in the United States.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2026Article
- Support for banning sale of smoked tobacco products among adults who smoke: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys (2018-2022).Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Will Australia's tightened prescription system reduce nicotine vaping among young people?Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2024Article
- How Should a Vape Shop-Based Smoking Cessation Intervention Be Delivered? A Qualitative Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Relationship Between Tobacco Product Use and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Individuals With COPD in Waves 1-5 (2013-2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Miami, Fla.) · 2024Article
- Comparison of smoking prevalence in Canada before and after nicotine vaping product access using the SimSmoke model.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2023Article
- Understanding perceived addiction to and addictiveness of electronic cigarettes among electronic cigarette users: a cross-sectional analysis of the International Tobacco Control Smoking and Vaping (ITC 4CV) England Survey.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2023Observational
- A Qualitative Analysis of the Experiences of People Who Resumed Smoking Following Exclusive Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Use.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Perceived Health and Capacity to Cope With Stress in Recent Ex-smokers: Impact of Vaping Versus Quitting All Nicotine.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Tobacco Smoking during Pregnancy: Women's Perception about the Usefulness of Smoking Cessation Interventions.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Looking Back and Going Forward: Roles of Varenicline and Electronic Cigarettes in Smoking Cessation.Cureus · 2021Review
- Risk of smoking relapse with the use of electronic cigarettes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2021Review
- Article
- Changes in Smoking and Vaping over 18 Months among Smokers and Recent Ex-Smokers: Longitudinal Findings from the 2016 and 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Association of Socioeconomic Position With e-Cigarette Use Among Individuals Who Quit Smoking in England, 2014 to 2019.JAMA network open · 2020Article
- Associations between vaping and relapse to smoking: preliminary findings from a longitudinal survey in the UK.Harm reduction journal · 2019Observational
- Predicting the future of smoking in a rapidly evolving nicotine market-place.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsIt has been proposed that many smokers switch to vaping because their nicotine addiction makes this their only viable route out of smoking. We compared indicators of prior and current cigarette smoking dependence and of relapse in former smokers who were daily users of nicotine vaping products ('vapers') or who were not vaping at the time of survey ('non-vapers').
designCross-sectional survey-based comparison between vaping and non-vaping former smokers, including a weighted logistic regression of vaping status onto predictor variables, adjusting for covariates specified below.
settingUnited States, Canada, Australia and England.
participantsA total of 1070 people aged 18+ years from the 2016 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping Wave 1 Survey who reported having ever been daily smokers but who stopped less than 2 years ago and who were currently vapers or non-vapers. MEASUREMENTS: Dependent variable was current vaping status. Predictor variables were self-reported: (1) smoking within 5 minutes of waking and usual daily cigarette consumption, both assessed retrospectively; (2) current perceived addiction to smoking, urges to smoke and confidence in staying quit. Covariates: country, sample sources, sex, age group, ethnicity, income, education, current nicotine replacement therapy use and time since quitting.
findingsVapers were more likely than non-vapers to report: (1) having smoked within 5 minutes of waking [34.3 versus 15.9%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.99, 7.03), χ
conclusionsWhile former smokers who currently vape nicotine daily report higher levels of cigarette smoking dependence pre- and post-cessation compared with former smokers who are current non-vapers, they report greater confidence in staying quit and similar strength of urges to smoke.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.