ArticleAlzheimer's research & therapy2019
Frailty effects on non-demented cognitive trajectories are moderated by sex and Alzheimer's genetic risk.
Article in Alzheimer's research & therapy, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multi-Concept Frailty Predicts the Late-Life Occurrence of Cognitive Decline or Dementia: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Frailty Trajectories: Their Shape and Influencing Factors.The Gerontologist · 2021Pooled it
- Associations between frailty, biomarkers of cerebral pathology, cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms: a memory clinic study.The Journal of frailty & aging · 2026Article
- Evaluating sex and gender as separate and interactive predictors of memory aging trajectory classes: an integrative data-driven approach.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Relationships between physical activity dimensions and frailty incidence and progression in middle-aged and older adults: A 7-year cohort study.Journal of exercise science and fitness · 2026Article
- Assessing Social Interaction and Loneliness and Their Association With Frailty Among Older Adults With Subjective Cognitive Decline or Mild Cognitive Impairment: Ecological Momentary Assessment Approach.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2025Article
- Comparing machine learning classifier models in discriminating cognitively unimpaired older adults from three clinical cohorts in the Alzheimer's disease spectrum: demonstration analyses in the COMPASS-ND study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Sustained frailty remission and dementia risk in older adults: A longitudinal study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Correlation between fat-to-muscle mass ratio and cognitive impairment in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study.BMC geriatrics · 2024Article
- Frailty is associated with the clinical expression of neuropsychological deficits in older adults.European journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Machine learning analyses identify multi-modal frailty factors that selectively discriminate four cohorts in the Alzheimer's disease spectrum: a COMPASS-ND study.BMC geriatrics · 2023Article
- Frailty and Processing Speed Performance at the Cusp of Midlife in CATSLife.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2023Article
- Frailty trajectory predicts subsequent cognitive decline: A 26-year population-based longitudinal cohort study.MedComm · 2023Article
- Frailty trajectories and associated factors in the years prior to death: evidence from 14 countries in the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe.BMC geriatrics · 2023Article
- Frailty trajectory among community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults in Korea: evidence from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging.BMC geriatrics · 2022Article
- Observational
- Gender Issues in the Care of Elderly: A Narrative Review.Indian journal of psychological medicine · 2021Article
- Does the impact of intensive lifestyle intervention on cognitive function vary depending baseline level of frailty? An ancillary study to the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) Trial.Journal of diabetes and its complications · 2021Article
- Cumulative health deficits,Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2021Article
- Portals to frailty? Data-driven analyses detect early frailty profiles.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAge-related frailty reflects cumulative multisystem physiological and health decline. Frailty increases the risk of adverse brain and cognitive outcomes, including differential decline and dementia. In a longitudinal sample of non-demented older adults, we examine whether (a) the level and/or change in frailty predicts trajectories across three cognitive domains (memory, speed, and executive function (EF)) and (b) prediction patterns are modified by sex or Alzheimer's genetic risk (Apolipoprotein E (APOE)).
methodsParticipants (n = 632; M age = 70.7, range 53-95; 3 waves) were from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. After computing a frailty index, we used latent growth modeling and path analysis to test the frailty effects on level and change in three latent variables of cognition. We tested two potential moderators by stratifying by sex and APOE risk (ε4+, ε4-).
resultsFirst, frailty levels predicted speed and EF performance (level) and differential memory change slopes. Second, change in frailty predicted the rate of decline for both speed and EF. Third, sex moderation analyses showed that females were selectively sensitive to (a) frailty effects on memory change and (b) frailty change effects on speed change. In contrast, the frailty effects on EF change were stronger in males. Fourth, genetic moderation analyses showed that APOE risk (e4+) carriers were selectively sensitive to frailty effects on memory change.
conclusionIn non-demented older adults, increasing frailty is strongly associated with the differential decline in cognitive trajectories. For example, higher (worse) frailty was associated with more rapid memory decline than was lower (better) frailty. These effects, however, are moderated by both genetic risk and sex.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.