ArticleBMC public health2019
Prevalence and determinants of cardiovascular disease risk factors using the WHO STEPS approach in Cochabamba, Bolivia.
Article in BMC public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence of hypertension in adults living at altitude in Latin America and the Caribbean: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Dietary patterns and socioeconomic disadvantage: an analysis of food consumption patterns and their determinants in Cochabamba, Bolivia.BMC global and public health · 2025Article
- Recent advances of traditional Chinese medicine against cardiovascular disease: overview and potential mechanisms.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- The prevalence of the risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases among Iranian adults: Findings of a cross-sectional study.Journal of education and health promotion · 2024Article
- The Impact of a Very-Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet in the Gut Microbiota Composition in Obesity.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Incidence and risk factors of cardiovascular disease among population aged 40-70 years: a population-based cohort study in the South of Iran.Tropical medicine and health · 2023Article
- Frequent Eating Out and 10-Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Evidence from a Community Observatory in Malaysia.BioMed research international · 2022Article
- Editorial: The Impact of Dietary Changes on Non-communicable Diseases in Latin America.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Relationship between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study among Low-Income Housewives in Kuala Lumpur.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Prevalence and determinants of non-communicable disease risk factors among adult population of Kathmandu.PloS one · 2021Article
- Natural Drugs as a Treatment Strategy for Cardiovascular Disease through the Regulation of Oxidative Stress.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2020Review
- Underpinnings of entangled ethnical and gender inequalities in obesity in Cochabamba-Bolivia: an intersectional approach.International journal for equity in health · 2019Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are considered the number one cause of death worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries, Bolivia included. Lack of reliable estimates of risk factor distribution can lead to delay in implementation of evidence-based interventions. However, little is known about the prevalence of risk factors in the country. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of preventable risk factors associated with CVDs and to identify the demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with them in Cochabamba, Bolivia.
methodsA cross-sectional community-based study was conducted among youth and adults (N = 10,704) with permanent residence in Cochabamba, selected through a multistage sampling technique, from July 2015 to November 2016. An adapted version of the WHO STEPS survey was used to collect information. The prevalence of relevant behavioural risk factors and anthropometric measures were obtained. The socio-demographic variables included were age, ethnicity, level of education, occupation, place of residence, and marital status. Proportions with 95% confidence intervals were first calculated, and prevalence ratios were estimated for each CVD risk factor, both with crude and adjusted models.
resultsMore than half (57.38%) were women, and the mean age was 37.89 ± 18 years. The prevalence of behavioural risk factors were: current smoking, 11.6%; current alcohol consumption, 42.76%; low consumption of fruits and vegetables, 76.73%; and low level of physical activity, 64.77%. The prevalence of overweight was 35.84%; obesity, 20.49%; waist risk or abdominal obesity, 54.13%; and raised blood pressure, 17.5%. Indigenous populations and those living in the Andean region showed in general a lower prevalence of most of the risk factors evaluated.
conclusionWe provide the first CVD risk factor profile of people living in Cochabamba, Bolivia, using a standardized methodology. Overall, findings suggest that the prevalence of CVD risk factors in Cochabamba is high. This result highlights the need for interventions to improve early diagnosis, monitoring, management, and especially prevention of these risk factors.
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