ArticleMateria socio-medica2019
Intact Perineum: What are the Predictive Factors in Spontaneous Vaginal Birth?
Article in Materia socio-medica, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effect of Perineal Massage and Warm Compresses Technique in Postpartum Perineal Pain. A Secondary Analysis from a Randomised Controlled Trial.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2026Trial
- Efficacy of perineal massage in second stage of labour for prevention of perineal trauma: a randomized controlled trial.Maternal health, neonatology and perinatology · 2026Article
- Midwives' practices on perineal protection and episiotomy decision-making: A qualitative and descriptive study.European journal of midwifery · 2024Article
- The clinical characteristics of perineal tears: A study carried out on 14 pregnant women in a tertiary center: Case series.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2022Article
- A Hospital-Based Randomized Controlled Trial-Comparing the Outcome of Normal Delivery Between Squatting and Lying Down Positions During Labour.Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India · 2021Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
introductionPerineal trauma at birth is distressing for women and can cause serious short and long term morbidity.
aimInvestigate the prevalence and predictive factors of intact perineum after normal vaginal birth among Portuguese women who had spontaneous vaginal births.
methodsA descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study was carried out among pregnant women who had spontaneous vaginal births, between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2017, in a single birth centre in Portugal. Following ethical approval, the prevalence of intact perineum was calculated and multivariate analysis with logistic regression was carried out, to identify the predictive factors of having an intact perineum after spontaneous vaginal birth.
resultsA total of 1748 pregnant women had spontaneous vaginal births. Four hundred and forty-one women (25.2%) had intact perineum whereas in 1307 (74.8%) of women, the perineum was not intact. First-degree tears occurred in 23.2% (405/1748) of women, second-degree tears occurred in 4% (70/1748) of women while three women (0.2%) experienced a third-degree tear. The rate of episiotomies was 43.8% (766/1748). Episiotomy and first-degree tears occurred in 2.6% (45/1748), episiotomy and second-degree tears occurred in 0.7% (12/1748), while episiotomy and third-degree tears occurred in 0.3% (6/1748) of women. Having a previous caesarean section reduced the odds of intact perineum by 60%, while nulliparity reduced the odds by 70%. For every 250 grams increase in birth weight, the odds of sustaining an intact perineum were decreased by 13%. Alternative birth positions (excluding lithotomy) doubled the odds of maintaining an intact perineum.
conclusionThe prevalence of intact perineum is 25,2%. Predictive factors for intact perineum include birth weight, parity, previous caesarean section and birthing position. Recognizing these factors could support and facilitate the management of spontaneous vaginal birth to promote an intact perineum. Further research is needed to gain better understanding of this phenomenon.
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