Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31209732›Full record

ReviewSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2019

The Biomechanics of the Track and Field Sprint Start: A Narrative Review.

Neil Edward Bezodis, Steffen Willwacher, Aki Ilkka Tapio Salo

Open access · hybridAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
43citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
8.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

43 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.

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  4. Biomechanical Performance Factors in the Track and Field Sprint Start: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.

Neil Edward BezodisApplied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Crymlyn Burrows, SA1 8EN, UK. n.e.bezodis@swansea.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2229-3310
Steffen WillwacherInstitute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1303-3165
Aki Ilkka Tapio SaloDepartment for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8055-2854
German Sport University Cologne · DEResearch Institute for Olympic Sports · FISwansea University · GB

Funding

Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council EP/M023281/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The start from blocks is a fundamental component of all track and field sprint events (≤ 400 m). This narrative review focusses on biomechanical aspects of the block phase and the subsequent first flight and stance phases. We discuss specific features of technique and how they may be important for a high level of performance during the start. The need to appropriately quantify performance is discussed first; external power has recently become more frequently adopted because it provides a single measure that appropriately accounts for the requirement to increase horizontal velocity as much as possible in as little time as possible. In the "set" position, a relatively wide range of body configurations are adopted by sprinters irrespective of their ability level, and between-sprinter differences in these general positions do not appear to be directly associated with block phase performance. Greater average force production during the push against the blocks, especially from the rear leg and particularly the hip, appears to be important for performance. Immediately after exiting the blocks, shorter first flight durations and longer first stance durations (allowing more time to generate propulsive force) are found in sprinters of a higher performance level. During the first stance phase, the ankle and knee both appear to play an important role in energy generation, and higher levels of performance may be associated with a stiffer ankle joint and the ability to extend the knee throughout stance. However, the role of the sprinter's body configuration at touchdown remains unclear, and the roles of strength and anatomy in these associations between technique and performance also remain largely unexplored. Other aspects such as the sex, age and performance level of the studied sprinters, as well as issues with measurement and comparisons with athletes with amputations, are also briefly considered.

Indexed as

Biomechanical PhenomenaAnkleAthletic PerformanceHipHumansKneeLegPostureRunningTrack and Field

Identifiers

PMID31209732
PMCPMC6684547
OpenAlexW2951264985

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.