ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2019
Reactive school closure weakens the network of social interactions and reduces the spread of influenza.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Consequences of Social Distancing Measures During the COVID-19 Pandemic First Wave on the Epidemiology of Children Admitted to Pediatric Emergency Departments and Pediatric Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Intra-Household and Close-Contact SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Among Children - a Systematic Review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Risk of infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among children and adolescents in households, communities and educational settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2021Pooled it
- The effect of smaller classes on infection-related school absence: evidence from the Project STAR randomized controlled trial.BMC public health · 2024Trial
- SARS-CoV-2 infection prevention and control measures in Belgian schools between December 2020 and June 2021 and their association with seroprevalence: a cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2023Trial
- Surveillance of infectious diseases spreading on time-varying multiplex networks.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2026Article
- Public satisfaction with COVID-19 policy responses and their implementation: a cross-sectional study.Health research policy and systems · 2025Article
- EpiGeoPop: a tool for developing spatially accurate country-level epidemiological models.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Teachers' demographics, mindfulness skills, and anxiety predict COVID-19 vaccination status.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Predicting influenza in China from October 1, 2023, to February 5, 2024: A transmission dynamics model based on population migration.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2025Article
- Estimating the impact of school closures on the COVID-19 dynamics in 74 countries: A modelling analysis.PLoS medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Infections in a Triad of Primary School Learners (Grades 1-7), Their Parents, and Teachers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional and Nested Case-Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Model-inferred timing and infectious period of the chickenpox outbreak source.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Contact Tracing Different Age Groups During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Study From South-West Germany.Online journal of public health informatics · 2024Article
- School closures due to seasonal influenza: a prospective data collection-based study of eleven influenza seasons-United States, 2011-2022.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
- Effect of planned school breaks on student absenteeism due to influenza-like illness in school aged children-Oregon School District, Wisconsin September 2014-June 2019.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Parents' perceptions of the impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) on the eating behaviors and routines of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- The Epidemiological and Economic Impact of COVID-19 in Kazakhstan: An Agent-Based Modeling.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
School-closure policies are considered one of the most promising nonpharmaceutical interventions for mitigating seasonal and pandemic influenza. However, their effectiveness is still debated, primarily due to the lack of empirical evidence about the behavior of the population during the implementation of the policy. Over the course of the 2015 to 2016 influenza season in Russia, we performed a diary-based contact survey to estimate the patterns of social interactions before and during the implementation of reactive school-closure strategies. We develop an innovative hybrid survey-modeling framework to estimate the time-varying network of human social interactions. By integrating this network with an infection transmission model, we reduce the uncertainty surrounding the impact of school-closure policies in mitigating the spread of influenza. When the school-closure policy is in place, we measure a significant reduction in the number of contacts made by students (14.2 vs. 6.5 contacts per day) and workers (11.2 vs. 8.7 contacts per day). This reduction is not offset by the measured increase in the number of contacts between students and nonhousehold relatives. Model simulations suggest that gradual reactive school-closure policies based on monitoring student absenteeism rates are capable of mitigating influenza spread. We estimate that without the implemented reactive strategies the attack rate of the 2015 to 2016 influenza season would have been 33% larger. Our study sheds light on the social mixing patterns of the population during the implementation of reactive school closures and provides key instruments for future cost-effectiveness analyses of school-closure policies.
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