ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2019
Levamisole in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical Efficacy and Pathophysiological Aspects.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of levamisole in childhood nephrotic syndrome: A meta-analysis.Indian journal of pharmacologyPooled it
- Daily compared with alternate-day levamisole in pediatric nephrotic syndrome: an open-label randomized controlled study.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Trial
- Prevalence and types of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with nephrotic syndrome treated with levamisole.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Relapse of Steroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome Despite Long-Term Ciclosporin Therapy in an 11-Year-Old Child: A Case Report and Review on the Management of Nephrotic Syndrome in Children.Case reports in nephrology · 2026Article
- Practice variation in the use of steroid-sparing therapies in childhood steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome: results from a prospective cohort study.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Observational
- Short and long-term outcome of levamisole in early versus late steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome: A single centre experience.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Levamisole Induced Agranulocytosis in a Child with Steroid Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome: A Case Report.JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2024Article
- Swollen Feet: Considering the Paradoxical Roles of Interleukins in Nephrotic Syndrome.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Safety Evaluation of a Potential Anti-Rheumatoid Arthritis Candidate, Levamisole.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Forecast and verification of the active compounds and latent targets of Guyuan decoction in treating frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome based on network pharmacology.Renal failure · 2023Article
- Article
- Novel combination therapy for respiratory diseases of small ruminants: Field studies of over 10 years.Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research · 2023Article
- State of the art in childhood nephrotic syndrome: concrete discoveries and unmet needs.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Levamisole causes a transient increase in plasma creatinine levels but does not affect kidney function based on cystatin C.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2022Article
- Late Onset of ANCA Vasculitis as a Side Effect of Levamisole Treatment in Nephrotic Syndrome.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Article
- The immunopathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a narrative review of the literature.European journal of pediatrics · 2022Review
- Adverse reactions with levamisole vary according to its indications and misuse: A systematic pharmacovigilance study.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2022Article
- Update on the treatment of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2022Review
- Optimizing the corticosteroid dose in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome is one of the most common pediatric glomerular diseases. Unfortunately, it follows a relapsing and remitting course in the majority of cases, with 50% of all cases relapsing once or even more often. Most children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome respond initially to steroid therapy, nevertheless repeated courses for patients with relapses induce significant steroid toxicity. Patients with frequent relapses or steroid dependency thus require alternative treatment, such as cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, levamisole, or rituximab. To reduce the relapse rate, several drugs have been used. Among these, levamisole has been considered the least toxic and least expensive therapy. Several randomized controlled trials (RCT) showed that levamisole is effective in reducing the relapse risk in steroid sensitive forms of nephrotic syndrome with a low frequency of side effects. Levamisole is a synthetic imidazothiazole derivative with immune-modulatory properties. In this article, we review recent data from randomized trials and observational studies to assess the efficacy of levamisole in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.