ArticleScience advances2019
The origins of cannabis smoking: Chemical residue evidence from the first millennium BCE in the Pamirs.
Article in Science advances, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The genetics of cannabis lifetime use.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Preliminary Evaluation of Two iiPCR Platforms for Qualitative Field Detection ofPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic dissection of floral identity and trichome-derived metabolite pathways in Cannabis sativa L.Planta · 2026Article
- The Role of the Rhizosphere, Endophytes, and the Influence of Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Take the Cannabis Microbiome as an Example.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Medicinal Plants for Major Depressive Disorder.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Pan-Genome Analysis ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Cognitive Effects of Cannabis Use: A Comprehensive Review Across Domains.Neurology international · 2025Review
- Regional disparities in US media coverage of archaeology research.Science advances · 2025Article
- Metabolic profiling reveals first evidence of fumigating drug plant Peganum harmala in Iron Age Arabia.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Cannabis consumption conundrum: weighing the risks of vaping and smoking.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2025Article
- In the weeds: A comprehensive review of cannabis; its chemical complexity, biosynthesis, and healing abilities.Toxicology reports · 2024Review
- Antidepressant-like Effects ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Development of Cannabinoids as Therapeutic Agents in the United States.Pharmacological reviews · 2024Review
- In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Antidepressant-like Effects ofPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Morphometric approaches toVegetation history and archaeobotany · 2024Article
- Article
- Direct evidence of the use of multiple drugs in Bronze Age Menorca (Western Mediterranean) from human hair analysis.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Relationship between Total Antioxidant Capacity, Cannabinoids and Terpenoids in Hops and Cannabis.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A review of cannabis allergy in the early days of legalization.Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology · 2023Review
- The history, evolution, and practice of cannabis and E-cigarette industries highlight necessary public health and public safety considerations.Journal of safety research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the oldest cultivated plants in East Asia, grown for grain and fiber as well as for recreational, medical, and ritual purposes. It is one of the most widely used psychoactive drugs in the world today, but little is known about its early psychoactive use or when plants under cultivation evolved the phenotypical trait of increased specialized compound production. The archaeological evidence for ritualized consumption of cannabis is limited and contentious. Here, we present some of the earliest directly dated and scientifically verified evidence for ritual cannabis smoking. This phytochemical analysis indicates that cannabis plants were burned in wooden braziers during mortuary ceremonies at the Jirzankal Cemetery (ca. 500 BCE) in the eastern Pamirs region. This suggests cannabis was smoked as part of ritual and/or religious activities in western China by at least 2500 years ago and that the cannabis plants produced high levels of psychoactive compounds.
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