ReviewEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2019
The Interaction Continuum.
Review in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of very low nicotine cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and nicotine patches on daily own-cigarette abstinence in a randomized controlled switching trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Trial
- Smoking Interacts WithBiological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Impact of Balanced Crystalloids vs Saline by Resuscitation Strategy in Sepsis: A Secondary Analysis of the Crystalloid Liberal or Vasopressor Early Resuscitation in Sepsis Trial.CHEST critical care · 2026Article
- Changes in Cross-Sectional Associations Between Cannabis Use and Anxiety, Depression, and Suicidality in a Nationally Representative Sample of Canadians From 2012 to 2022: Évolution des relations transversales entre la consommation de cannabis et la dépression, l'anxiété et les idées suicidaires au sein d'un échantillon représentatif de Canadiens à l'échelle nationale, de 2012 à 2022.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2026Article
- Psychosocial Risk and Resilience as Moderators of the Association Between Neighborhood Disadvantage and Incident Cardiovascular Disease Across Ethnoracial Groups: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, United States, 2000-2019.American journal of public health · 2026Article
- Metabolic vulnerability index and MetaboHealth score as risk factors for age-related macular degeneration in a large-scale prospective cohort.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Smoking, GAD65 autoimmunity, genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and incident adult-onset diabetes in the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study.Metabologia · 2026Article
- Relationship between interleukin-6, coronary artery calcium and risk of heart failure: Insights from MESA.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Additive interactions of smoking with obesity on ischemic heart disease mortality: a national prospective cohort study in the United States.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Interaction of Long Working Hours and Sense of Coherence on Objective Total Sleep Time: Cross-Sectional Study From the SLEPT Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Combined pre-dialysis systolic blood pressure and pulse rate assessment for 1-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients on hemodialysis: a nationwide cohort study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Article
- Association between outdoor and indoor air pollutant exposure and depression among middle-aged and older adults in China.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in the Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Adverse childhood experiences and their differential relationships with transdiagnostic mental health outcomes in young adults.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- A multidimensional network of factors associated with long COVID in the French population.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Occupational and non-occupational factors of post-COVID-19 condition: a cross-sectional survey in the French general working population.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Adverse Childhood Experiences and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Suicidality in Chinese Adolescents.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Effects of depression and cognitive impairment on increased risks of incident dementia: a prospective study from three elderly cohorts.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Clinical Predictors and Outcomes of Invasive Anal Cancer for People With HIV in an Inception Cohort.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
A common reason given for assessing interaction is to evaluate "whether the effect is larger in one group versus another". It has long been known that the answer to this question is scale dependent: the "effect" may be larger for one subgroup on the difference scale, but smaller on the ratio scale. In this article, we show that if the relative magnitude of effects across subgroups is of interest then there exists an "interaction continuum" that characterizes the nature of these relations. When both main effects are positive then the placement on the continuum depends on the relative magnitude of the probability of the outcome in the doubly exposed group. For high probabilities of the outcome in the doubly exposed group, the interaction may be positive-multiplicative positive-additive, the strongest form of positive interaction on the "interaction continuum". As the probability of the outcome in the doubly exposed group goes down, the form of interaction descends through ranks, of what we will refer to as the following: positive-multiplicative positive-additive, no-multiplicative positive-additive, negative-multiplicative positive-additive, negative-multiplicative zero-additive, negative-multiplicative negative-additive, single pure interaction, single qualitative interaction, single-qualitative single-pure interaction, double qualitative interaction, perfect antagonism, inverted interaction. One can thus place a particular set of outcome probabilities into one of these eleven states on the interaction continuum. Analogous results are also given when both exposures are protective, or when one is protective and one causative. The "interaction continuum" can allow for inquiries as to relative effects sizes, while also acknowledging the scale dependence of the notion of interaction itself.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.