ArticleEnvironmental science. Processes & impacts2019
The concept of essential use for determining when uses of PFASs can be phased out.
Article in Environmental science. Processes & impacts, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Occupational exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: a scope review of the literature from 1980-2021.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2023Pooled it
- Can Knowledge Counteract Conflict? A Partial Replication Study of PFAS Science Communication.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2026Article
- Review
- Effects of Perfluorotetradecanoic Acid (PFTeDA) and Biostimulants on Soil Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity and the Growth ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Assessing PFAS total in landfill leachate through multiple extraction methods and fluorine mass balance.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Unveiling the structural determinants of PFASs acute inhalation toxicity: an integrated approach using QSAR, q-RASAR, and interspecies extrapolation.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Serum PFAS in Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting (ARFF) Firefighters From Six U.S. Airport Fire Departments.American journal of industrial medicine · 2026Article
- Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Polymer Chemical Resistance to Organic Solvents.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Suspect Screening of Polymer-Derived Additives in Accessible Water Compartments Nearby Brånåsen Landfill in Norway.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Environmental Exposure to Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Mixture Analysis.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Zeolite-Based Composite Nanomaterials for Organic Micropollutant Removal: Structure-Property-Performance Relationships and Practical Challenges.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- PFAS and One Health: integrating human, animal, and environmental perspectives.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- Chemical recycling of hydrofluorocarbons by transfer fluorination.Nature chemistry · 2026Article
- Persistent, Mobile, Toxic: The Effects of Chemical Warning Labels on Public Risk Perception.Environmental science & technology letters · 2026Article
- We See That Plastics Are Persistent. But Should We Treat Them Universally as a POP?Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Synthetic methodologies for the chemical recycling of fluorocarbons.Nature reviews. Chemistry · 2026Review
- Global Disparities in the Regulation of PFASs: The Risk of Shifting the PFAS Pollution Burden to Developing Countries.Environmental science & technology · 2026Review
- The PFAS roadmap-Navigating a path together to improved management.Sustainability science and technology · 2026Article
- Boundaries, Limits, Global Threats - How Can the Impacts of Global Synthetic Pollutants Be Reduced?Environmental science & technology · 2026Review
- Defluoroalkylation of Trifluoromethane with Organolithium Reagents: Mechanism and Synthesis of Fluoroalkenes.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Because of the extreme persistence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their associated risks, the Madrid Statement argues for stopping their use where they are deemed not essential or when safer alternatives exist. To determine when uses of PFASs have an essential function in modern society, and when they do not, is not an easy task. Here, we: (1) develop the concept of "essential use" based on an existing approach described in the Montreal Protocol, (2) apply the concept to various uses of PFASs to determine the feasibility of elimination or substitution of PFASs in each use category, and (3) outline the challenges for phasing out uses of PFASs in society. In brief, we developed three distinct categories to describe the different levels of essentiality of individual uses. A phase-out of many uses of PFASs can be implemented because they are not necessary for the betterment of society in terms of health and safety, or because functional alternatives are currently available that can be substituted into these products or applications. Some specific uses of PFASs would be considered essential because they provide for vital functions and are currently without established alternatives. However, this essentiality should not be considered as permanent; rather, constant efforts are needed to search for alternatives. We provide a description of several ongoing uses of PFASs and discuss whether these uses are essential or non-essential according to the three essentiality categories. It is not possible to describe each use case of PFASs in detail in this single article. For follow-up work, we suggest further refining the assessment of the use cases of PFASs covered here, where necessary, and expanding the application of this concept to all other uses of PFASs. The concept of essential use can also be applied in the management of other chemicals, or groups of chemicals, of concern.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.