ArticleBMC public health2019
Prevalence and risk factors for impaired kidney function in the district of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional population-representative survey in those at risk of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology.
Article in BMC public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria for chronic kidney disease of undetermined etiology (CKDu): a systematic review of the literature.BMC nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- Environmental risk factors for chronic kidney disease of non-traditional causes in tropical coastal areas: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of chronic kidney disease stages 3-5 in low- and middle-income countries in Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Burden of chronic kidney disease in the general population and high-risk groups in South Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Environmental and occupational exposures for chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu): field investigations in rural Sri Lanka.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Scoping Review of Interventions to Prevent CKD of Unknown Origin in Working Populations.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- International prevalence patterns of low eGFR in adults aged 18-60 without traditional risk factors from population-based cross-sectional studies: a disadvantaged populations eGFR epidemiology (DEGREE) study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Tubulointerstitial nephropathy is the predominant finding in men in a review of more than 3000 renal biopsies over a 10-year period from Sri Lanka.BMC nephrology · 2024Article
- Concentration and Distribution of Toxic and Essential Elements in Traditional Rice Varieties of Sri Lanka Grown on an Anuradhapura District Farm.Biological trace element research · 2024Article
- Decreasing incidence of hospital diagnosed CKD/CKDu in North Central Province of Sri Lanka: is it related to provision of drinking water reverse osmosis plants?BMC nephrology · 2024Article
- Prevalence and predictors of chronic kidney disease of undetermined causes (CKDu) in Western Kenya's "sugar belt": a cross-sectional study.BMC nephrology · 2023Article
- Prevalence of CKD of Unknown Etiology and its Potential Risk Factors in a Rural Population in Sri Lanka.Kidney international reports · 2022Article
- Factors Associated with Symptom Burden in Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Prospective Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Applicability of Novel Urinary Biomarkers for the Assessment of Renal Injury in Selected Occupational Groups in Sri Lanka: A Comparative Study with Conventional Markers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Two decades of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) research: Existing evidence and persistent gaps from epidemiological studies in Sri Lanka.Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2022Review
- Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in India: a comparative study with Mesoamerican and Sri Lankan nephropathy.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Review
- Women and other risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Thailand: National Health Examination V Survey.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Article
- The impact of pain on the quality of life of patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis: a multicenter cross-sectional study from Palestine.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2021Article
- Optimization of 25% Sulfosalicylic Acid Protein-to-Creatinine Ratio for Screening of Low-Grade Proteinuria.International journal of analytical chemistry · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOver the last 20 years there have been reports of a form of chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu) affecting rural communities in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. Valid prevalence estimates, using a standardised methodology, are needed to assess the burden of disease, assess secular trends, and perform international comparisons.
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional representative population survey in five study areas with different expected prevalences of CKDu. We used a proxy definition of CKDu involving a single measure of impaired kidney function (eGFR< 60 mL/min/1.7m
resultsA total of 4803 participants (88.7%) took part in the study and 202 (6.0%; 95% CI 5.2-6.8) had a low eGFR in the absence of hypertension, diabetes and heavy proteinuria and hence met the criteria for proxy CKDu. The proportion of males (11.2%; 95% CI 9.2-13.1) were triple than the females (3.7%; 95% CI 2.9-4.5). Advancing age and history of CKD among parents or siblings were risk factors for low GFR among both males and females while smoking was found to be a risk factor among males.
conclusionsThese data, collected using a standardised methodology demonstrate a high prevalence of impaired kidney function, not due to known causes of kidney disease, in the selected study areas of the Anuradhapura district of Sri Lanka. The aetiology of CKDu in Sri Lanka remains unclear and there is a need for longitudinal studies to describe the natural history and to better characterise risk factors for the decline in kidney function.
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