ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2019
Changes of Atmospheric and Blood Concentrations of Lead and Cadmium in the General Population of South Korea from 2008 to 2017.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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12 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors associated with urinary metal concentrations in middle-aged and older Caribbean adults: the Tobago Health Study.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Combined exposure to three heavy metals and the risk of age-related macular degeneration in the Korean population.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The association between blood cadmium levels and bone mineral density in U.S. adolescents aged 12-19 years.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2025Article
- Article
- A survey study of factors influencing elevated blood lead levels in donors from Qingdao, China.Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangue · 2023Article
- Environmental exposure of the general population to cadmium as a risk factor of the damage to the nervous system: A critical review of current data.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2023Review
- Cadmium: A Focus on the Brown Crab (Toxics · 2022Review
- Article
- Trends in Urinary and Blood Cadmium Levels in U.S. Adults with or without Comorbidities, 1999-2018.Nutrients · 2022Article
- A novel calibration for L-shell x-ray fluorescence measurements of bone lead concentration using the strontium KPhysiological measurement · 2021Article
- Decrease in Serum HDL-C Level Is Associated with Elevation of Blood Pressure: Correlation Analysis from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Decrease in HDL-C is Associated with Age and Household Income in Adults from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017: Correlation Analysis of Low HDL-C and Poverty.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We measured changes in atmospheric and blood levels of lead and cadmium in the South Korean general population during the past decade. Blood data of 16,873 adults were taken from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008-2017). Atmospheric data were taken from 66 air quality monitoring sites in 16 different regions in South Korea. From 2008 to 2017, the geometric mean (GM) blood lead level decreased from 2.37 to 1.46 μg/dL (38.4% decrease), and the atmospheric lead concentration decreased by 61.0% in the overall population. During this time, the GM blood cadmium level decreased from 0.88 to 0.72 μg/L (18.2% decrease), and the atmospheric cadmium concentration decreased by 63.6%. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that a half reduction in air lead was associated with a 0.09 μg/dL decrease in blood lead (95% CI: 0.03 to 0.15) in a subgroup of the metropolitan city population. However, a half reduction in air cadmium had no significant effect on blood cadmium. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the decrease in blood lead level over 10 years in Korea was related to the decrease in atmospheric lead concentration. However, the decrease in blood cadmium level during this time was not significantly associated with the decrease in atmospheric cadmium concentration. Our findings suggest that inhalation is a major source of lead exposure, but not of cadmium exposure. Ingestion of dietary cadmium presumably has a stronger impact on blood cadmium levels.
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