ReviewThe lancet. Psychiatry2019
Catatonia and the immune system: a review.
Review in The lancet. Psychiatry, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07315386 (Catatonic Syndrome in Adult Patients at Basurto Hospital), which is not on this map. Cited by 98 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Catatonic Syndrome in Adult Patients at Basurto Hospital: A Descriptive Study of Incidence, Comorbidity, and Short-Term Outcomes
Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 202 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effect of Benzodiazepines on Catatonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2026Pooled it
- Genetics of catatonia: a systematic review of case reports and a gene pathway analysis.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Pooled it
- Evidence-based consensus guidelines for the management of catatonia: Recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2023Guideline
- Going Back to Kahlbaum's Psychomotor (and GABAergic) Origins: Is Catatonia More Than Just a Motor and Dopaminergic Syndrome?Schizophrenia bulletin · 2020Pooled it
- The Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Neuropsychiatric Complications of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Literature Review and Case Report.Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison PsychiatryPooled it
- Diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatry: clinical recommendations and unresolved challenges from the GENERATE network.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Complete Blood Count-Derived Inflammatory Indices in Catatonia: A Retrospective Matched Case-Control Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Recurrent Catatonia in the Setting of Urinary Tract Infection and Medical Comorbidity: A Case Report.Cureus · 2026Article
- Clinical Manifestations, Tumor Associations, and Long-Term Outcomes of Anti-KLHL11 Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Narrative Review of Catatonia in Psychosis and Eating Disorders: Common Intersections and Treatment Considerations.Early intervention in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Catatonia associated with mosaic 18q deletion syndrome: a case report.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- An emerging theoretical lens post global epidemic and turmoil: Psychological immunity.Dialogues in health · 2026Review
- Pediatric catatonia: A case report and review of the management.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- Clinical decision-making in relation to autoimmunity: insights from catatonia and autoimmune encephalitis.BJPsych open · 2026Article
- A Case Series of Transient Neuropsychiatric Manifestations Following Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria.Indian journal of psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Diazepam combined with aripiprazole in the treatment of a catatonic stupor patient with venous thrombosis: a case report.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Methamphetamine-withdrawal catatonia resolved with mixed amphetamine salts: a case report.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Lessons on catatonia with or without delirium on the consultation-liaison psychiatry service in a Lebanese tertiary care center: a retrospective chart review of 36 cases of catatonia.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Recognizing Catatonia Beyond Hypokinesis: Features Linked to Underdiagnosis and Training Targets.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- CATATOnia treatment with transcranial direct current electrostimulation: protocol of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled bicentric superiority study (CATATOES).BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Catatonia is a psychomotor disorder featuring stupor, posturing, and echophenomena. This Series paper examines the evidence for immune dysregulation in catatonia. Activation of the innate immune system is associated with mutism, withdrawal, and psychomotor retardation, which constitute the neurovegetative features of catatonia. Evidence is sparse and conflicting for acute-phase activation in catatonia, and whether this feature is secondary to immobility is unclear. Various viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections have been associated with catatonia, but it is primarily linked to CNS infections. The most common cause of autoimmune catatonia is N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, which can account for the full spectrum of catatonic features. Autoimmunity appears to cause catatonia less by systemic inflammation than by the downstream effects of specific actions on extracellular antigens. The specific association with NMDAR encephalitis supports a hypothesis of glutamatergic hypofunction in catatonia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.