ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2019
Patterns of polysubstance use and overdose among people who inject drugs in Baltimore, Maryland: A latent class analysis.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Evolving Overdose Epidemic: Synthetic Opioids and Rising Stimulant-Related Harms.Epidemiologic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Daily polysubstance use associated with HIV, HCV, and non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs: A latent class analysis using nationwide data.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Drug positivity, co-detection patterns, and demographic predictors in patients seeking substance use disorder treatment, United States, 2023.Addictive behaviors · 2026Article
- Evaluating risk factors and protective clinical interventions for opioid use disorder and overdose in American Indian/Alaska Native populations.Journal of ethnicity in substance abuse · 2026Article
- Patterns of polysubstance use among people who use drugs on an American Indian reservation of a southern plains Tribal Nation.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Characterizing patterns of opioid and stimulant use by route and associations with non-fatal overdose and xylazine use in people who have injected drugs from Baltimore, MD, 2023-2024.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- The need to incorporate polysubstance use in neuropsychopharmacology research: Biological lessons and new opportunities.Addiction neuroscience · 2026Article
- A prospective longitudinal analysis of opioid and stimulant use in American Indian and First Nations communities.Addictive behaviors · 2025Article
- Patterns of Drugs Involved in Fatal Overdose and Demographic Correlates: A Latent Class Analysis of Polysubstance-Involved Deaths in the Urban Midwest.Substance use & addiction journal · 2025Article
- Overdose risk profiles in pregnancy: Latent class analysis of pregnant individuals with opioid use disorder.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2025Article
- Longitudinal polysubstance use patterns and non-fatal overdose: A repeated measures latent class analysis.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Patterns of socioeconomic marginalization and non-fatal overdose among people who use drugs: A gender-stratified repeated measures latent class analysis.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Article
- Rural houselessness among people who use drugs in the United States: Results from the National Rural Opioid Initiative.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Predictors of future overdose among people who inject drugs in Baltimore, Maryland.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2024Article
- Co-occurring conditions during pregnancy and hospitalizations in the first year postpartum among persons with opioid use disorder.Preventive medicine · 2024Article
- How Does Telehealth Expansion Change Access to Healthcare for Patients With Different Types of Substance Use Disorders?Substance use & addiction journal · 2024Article
- Longitudinal patterns of use of stimulants and opioids in the AIDS linked to the IntraVenous experience cohort, 2005-2019.The International journal on drug policy · 2024Article
- No decline in drug overdose deaths in Norway: An ecological approach to understanding at-risk groups and the impact of interventions.Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift : NAT · 2024Article
- Overdose Experiences Among a Sample of Women in Jail with Opioid Use Disorder.Substance use & misuse · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOpioid-related overdose rates continue to climb. However, little research has examined the reach of overdose education and naloxone trainings among people who inject drugs (PWID). Understanding gaps in coverage is essential to improving the public health response to the ongoing crisis.
methodsWe surveyed 298 PWID in Baltimore City, MD. We conducted a latent class analysis of drug use indicators and tested for differences by class in past month overdose, having received overdose training, and currently having naloxone.
resultsThree classes emerged: cocaine/heroin injection (40.2%), heroin only injection (32.2%), and multi-drug/multi-route use (27.6%). The prevalence of past month overdose differed marginally by class (p = 0.06), with the multi-drug/multi-route use class having the highest prevalence (22.5%) and the heroin only class having the lowest (4.6%). The prevalence of previous overdose training differed significantly by class (p = 0.02), with the heroin/cocaine class (76.5%) having more training than the other two classes. Training was least common amongst the multi-drug/multi-route class (60.3%), though not statistically different from the heroin only class (63.0%). Classes did not differ significantly in current naloxone possession, although the multi-drug/multi-route class exhibited the lowest prevalence of naloxone possession (37.2%).
conclusionsPeople who inject multiple substances are at high risk for overdose and are also the least likely to receive overdose trainings. The current service landscape does not adequately reach individuals with high levels of structural vulnerability and high levels of drug use and homelessness. Actively including this subgroup into harm reduction efforts are essential for preventing overdose fatalities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.