ArticleMMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report2019
Vital Signs: Trends in Human Rabies Deaths and Exposures - United States, 1938-2018.
Article in MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Human rabies despite post-exposure prophylaxis: a systematic review of fatal breakthrough infections after zoonotic exposures.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of rabies immunoglobulin in pediatric patients with suspected exposure.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Trial
- Estimating total human deaths from rabies: A statistical framework leveraging reports of rabies transmission from deceased organ and tissue donors.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Cat-Related Injuries and Rabies Exposure: A Three-Decade Retrospective Analysis from the Zagreb Antirabies Clinic (1995-2025).Viruses · 2026Article
- Working towards a single-dose vaccine for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis.Future virology · 2026Article
- Substantial under-detection of human rabies cases in the United States.Communications health · 2026Article
- Landscape-scale analysis of raccoon rabies surveillance reveals different drivers of disease dynamics across latitude.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- The Economic Landscape of Global Rabies: A Scoping Review and Future Directions.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Review
- A Comprehensive Analysis and Forecast of Rabies Epidemic and Elimination Challenges - China, 2005-2023.China CDC weekly · 2025Article
- Enhanced rabies surveillance in roadkill specimens by real-time RT-PCR.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- The Challenge of Lyssavirus Infections in Domestic and Other Animals: A Mix of Virological Confusion, Consternation, Chagrin, and Curiosity.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A logistic regression model to predict the next rabies virus host-shift event.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Rise in rabies cases in Jammu region: A problem that requires urgent attention.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2024Article
- Retrospective study of laboratory-based surveillance of rabies in wild and domestic animals in the southern United States, 2010-2021.Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc · 2024Article
- Article
- Intracellular Pathogens: Infection, Immunity, and Intervention.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Review
- Article
- Epidemiological and viral studies of rabies in Bali, Indonesia.Veterinary world · 2023Article
- Tracking lethal threat: in-depth review of rabies.Open veterinary journal · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionEach year, rabies causes approximately 59,000 deaths worldwide, including approximately two deaths in the United States. Before 1960, dogs were a common reservoir of rabies in the United States; however, increasingly, species of wildlife (e.g., bats, raccoons) are the main reservoirs. This report characterizes human rabies deaths, summarizes trends in rabies mortality, and highlights current rabies risks in the United States.
methodsRabies trends in the United States during 1938-2018 were analyzed using national rabies surveillance data. Data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for 2006-2014 were used to estimate the number of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) visits per 100,000 persons during 2017-2018. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' average sales price data were used to estimate PEP costs.
resultsFrom 1960 to 2018, a total of 125 human rabies cases were reported in the United States; 36 (28%) were attributed to dog bites during international travel. Among the 89 infections acquired in the United States, 62 (70%) were attributed to bats. In 2018, approximately 55,000 persons sought PEP after contact with a potentially rabid animal. CONCLUSIONS AND COMMENTS: In the United States, wildlife rabies, especially in bats, continues to pose a risk to humans. Travelers also might be exposed to canine rabies in countries where the disease is still present; increased awareness of rabies while traveling abroad is needed. Vaccinating pets, avoiding contact with wildlife, and seeking medical care if one is bitten or scratched by an animal are the most effective ways to prevent rabies. Understanding the need for timely administration of PEP to prevent death is critical.
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