ArticleSexually transmitted diseases2019
Self-Reported Infertility and Associated Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Among Women of Reproductive Age-National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 2013-2016.
Article in Sexually transmitted diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Perceptions About the Relationship Between HIV, Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), and Fecundity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Findings from a Systematic Scoping Review.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Fertility Beliefs and Menstrual Experiences Among Women Entering Opioid Use Disorder Treatment.Journal of addiction medicine · 2026Article
- Infertility Risk and Employment History Among US Women: Findings From National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014.American journal of industrial medicine · 2026Article
- Inducing factors and complication risks of pelvic inflammatory disease: a review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Association between alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and infertility in the NHANES 2015-2020.Medicine · 2025Article
- Efficacy and security of oral Chinese patent medicine combined with antibiotics in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease: a Bayesian network meta-analysis.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2025Article
- "It's a Big Ordeal": A Mixed Methods Study of the Experiences of non-HIV STI Testing Among Trans and Gender Diverse People.International journal of sexual health : official journal of the World Association for Sexual Health · 2025Article
- Epidemiological disease burden and annual, nationwide health insurance treatment cost of female infertility based on real-world health insurance claims data in Hungary.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Relationship between Chlamydia Trachomatis infection, infertility, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2013-2016.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- Association between Waist-Hip Ratio and Female Infertility in the United States: Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2020.Obesity facts · 2024Article
- Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude Toward Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Among Women in Saudi Arabia.Cureus · 2023Article
- Comment on: Infertility and treatment-seeking practices among females and males with sickle cell disease in the Sickle Cell Disease Implementation Consortium registry.Pediatric blood & cancer · 2023Article
- Tubal Pathologies and Fertility Outcomes: A Review.Cureus · 2023Review
- Management of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Clinical Practice.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2023Review
- Chlamydia infection, PID, and infertility: further evidence from a case-control study in China.BMC women's health · 2022Article
- Effectiveness and safety of morinidazole in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease: A multicenter, prospective, open-label phase IV trial.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Racial, Ethnic, and Geographic Disparities in Cardiovascular Health Among Women of Childbearing Age in the United States.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021Article
- Bacterial Vaginosis and Behavioral Factors Associated With Incident Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in the Longitudinal Study of Vaginal Flora.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- The Underlying Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Traditional Chinese MedicineEvidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2021Article
- No association between HPV vaccination and infertility in U.S. females 18-33 years old.Vaccine · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSexually transmitted diseases, including chlamydia and gonorrhea, cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility. We estimated the prevalence of infertility and infertility health care seeking.
methodsWe analyzed self-reported lifetime infertility and infertility health care-seeking in women aged 18 to 49 years in the 2013 and 2015 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Weighted prevalence of infertility and infertility health care seeking, prevalence ratios (PRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.
resultsAmong 2626 eligible women, 13.8% had self-reported infertility (95% CI, 12.3-15.3) with higher prevalence by age: 960, 18 to 29 years (PR, 6.4%; 95% CI, 4.8-8.0); 799, 30 to 39 years (PR, 14.8%; 95% CI, 12.2-17.3); and 867, 40 to 49 years (PR, 20.8%; 95% CI, 17.2-24.4). Non-Hispanic white women (PR, 15.4%; 95% CI, 13.0-17.8; n = 904) and non-Hispanic black women (PR, 12.9%; 95% CI, 10.3-15.5; n = 575) had the highest infertility prevalences. Women reporting PID treatment (n = 122) had higher infertility prevalence (PR, 24.2%; 95% CI, 16.2-32.2) than women without PID treatment (PR, 13.3%; 95% CI, 11.6-15.0; n = 2,485), especially among 18- to 29-year-old women (PR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.8-8.0). Of 327 women with infertility, 60.9% (95% CI, 56.1-65.8) sought health care. Women without health care insurance sought care less frequently than women with insurance.
conclusionsIn a nationally representative sample, 13.8% of reproductive-age women reported a history of infertility, of whom 40% did not access health care. Self-reported PID was associated with infertility, especially in young women. Annual chlamydia and gonorrhea screening to avert PID may reduce the burden of infertility in the United States.
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