ReviewComprehensive Physiology2019
Muscles of Breathing: Development, Function, and Patterns of Activation.
Review in Comprehensive Physiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Thoracic Skeletal Muscle Attenuation Predicts Sex-Specific Mortality After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting-Sex-Specific Insights into Risk Stratification and Frailty Assessment.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Effects of the serratus anterior plane nerve block on pulmonary function in healthy young male patients.Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie · 2026Article
- Swallowing assessment in obstructive sleep apnea: insights from surface electromyography.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2026Observational
- Characteristic activation of respiratory muscles in Liuzijue practice: a preliminary study based on surface electromyography in healthy individuals.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Adding respiratory exercises to scapular stabilization training in adolescent girls with upper cross syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Endogenous opioids and the development of the mammalian respiratory control network.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2025Review
- Open Mouth Posture Syndrome (OMPS): Classification.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Varied ionic currents underlie functional diversity of hypoglossal motoneurons innervating the superior longitudinalis and genioglossus tongue muscles.The Journal of physiology · 2025Article
- Neuroanatomical and neurochemical organization of brainstem and forebrain circuits involved in breathing regulation.Journal of neurophysiology · 2025Review
- Cholinergic modulation of upper airway control: maturational changes and mechanisms at cellular and synaptic levels.Journal of neurophysiology · 2025Review
- Inaugural Review Prize 2023: The exercise hyperpnoea dilemma: A 21st-century perspective.Experimental physiology · 2024Review
- Serotonin therapies for opioid-induced disordered swallow and respiratory depression.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2024Article
- Cough Correlates of Functional Swallow Outcomes in Atypical Parkinsonism.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2024Article
- Maternal posture-physiology interactions in human pregnancy: a narrative review.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Review
- The effect of proportional assist ventilation on the electrical activity of the human diaphragm during exercise.Experimental physiology · 2023Article
- Changes in respiratory structure and function after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: observations from spinal cord and brain.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Review
- Asynchronous changes of normal lung lobes during respiration based on quantitative computed tomography (CT).Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2022Article
- Ultrasound measurements of abdominal muscle thickness are associated with postmenstrual age at full oral feedings in preterm infants: A preliminary study.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2021Article
- Gene delivery to the hypoglossal motor system: preclinical studies and translational potential.Gene therapy · 2021Review
- Is the healthy respiratory system built just right, overbuilt, or underbuilt to meet the demands imposed by exercise?Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
This review is a comprehensive description of all muscles that assist lung inflation or deflation in any way. The developmental origin, anatomical orientation, mechanical action, innervation, and pattern of activation are described for each respiratory muscle fulfilling this broad definition. In addition, the circumstances in which each muscle is called upon to assist ventilation are discussed. The number of "respiratory" muscles is large, and the coordination of respiratory muscles with "nonrespiratory" muscles and in nonrespiratory activities is complex-commensurate with the diversity of activities that humans pursue, including sleep (8.27). The capacity for speech and adoption of the bipedal posture in human evolution has resulted in patterns of respiratory muscle activation that differ significantly from most other animals. A disproportionate number of respiratory muscles affect the nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx, reflecting the vital importance of coordinated muscle activity to control upper airway patency during both wakefulness and sleep. The upright posture has freed the hands from locomotor functions, but the evolutionary history and ontogeny of forelimb muscles pervades the patterns of activation and the forces generated by these muscles during breathing. The distinction between respiratory and nonrespiratory muscles is artificial, as many "nonrespiratory" muscles can augment breathing under conditions of high ventilator demand. Understanding the ontogeny, innervation, activation patterns, and functions of respiratory muscles is clinically useful, particularly in sleep medicine. Detailed explorations of how the nervous system controls the multiple muscles required for successful completion of respiratory behaviors will continue to be a fruitful area of investigation. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:1025-1080, 2019.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.