Trial reportLancet (London, England)2019
Oral semaglutide versus subcutaneous liraglutide and placebo in type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 4): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3a trial.
Trial report in Lancet (London, England), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It reports registered trial NCT02863419. Cited by 267 papers, 29 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide Versus Liraglutide and Versus Placebo in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Open the trial in the graphWho cites it
267 citing papers in PubMed, 29 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 565 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of orforglipron 12 mg versus orforglipron 36 mg maintenance dose among patients with obesity with or without diabetes: a systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Pooled it
- The effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on osteoarthritis risk in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Acta diabetologica · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of oral semaglutide on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with or without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2026 · on this mapPooled it
- Dose-Escalation Regimens for Incretin Mimetics in Type 2 Diabetes Are Associated With Tolerance for Nausea and Vomiting.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Reassessing cancer risk with GLP-1 receptor agonists: a comprehensive meta-analysis of gastrointestinal malignancies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Risk of neoplasms with semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- The adverse effects associated with semaglutide use in patients at increased risk of cardiovascular events: a systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.BMC medicine · 2025 · on this mapPooled it
- Plastic Surgery in the Ozempidemic: Considerations for the Timing of Body Contouring Surgery in Patients with Semaglutide-Associated Weight Loss.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Pooled it
- Triple oral therapy with metformin, DPP-4 inhibitor, and SGLT2 inhibitor for adults with type 2 diabetes: Consensus recommendations of a Chinese expert panel (version 2025).Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Guideline
- Ocular Adverse Events With Semaglutide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- GLP-1 receptor agonists and the risk for cancer: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025 · on this mapPooled it
- Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 agonists in the treatment of T2DM: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2025 · on this mapPooled it
- Comparative efficacy and tolerability of currently approved incretin mimetics: A systematic analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of GLP- 1 Receptor Agonists in the Management of Weight Recurrence or Suboptimal Clinical Response after Undergoing Metabolic Bariatric Surgeries: A Meta-Analysis.Obesity surgery · 2025Pooled it
- The pharmacodynamics-based prophylactic benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors on neurodegenerative diseases: evidence from a network meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Obesity Management in Adults With and Without Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.Journal of obesity · 2025Pooled it
- What should the doctor prescribe-formula diet or antidiabetics? Effectiveness of formula diet-based lifestyle intervention vs. pharmacological antiglycemic therapy on weight loss and HbA1c reduction in type 2 diabetes patients-a systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Comparative gastrointestinal adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists and multi-target analogs in type 2 diabetes: a Bayesian network meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of semaglutide on arrhythmic, major cardiovascular, and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025 · on this mapPooled it
207 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGlucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are effective treatments for type 2 diabetes, lowering glycated haemoglobin (HbA
methodsIn this randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, phase 3a trial, we recruited patients with type 2 diabetes from 100 sites in 12 countries. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older, with HbA
findingsBetween Aug 10, 2016, and Feb 7, 2017, 950 patients were screened, of whom 711 were eligible and randomly assigned to oral semaglutide (n=285), subcutaneous liraglutide (n=284), or placebo (n=142). 341 (48%) of 711 participants were female and the mean age was 56 years (SD 10). All participants were given at least one dose of study drug, and 277 (97%) participants in the oral semaglutide group, 274 (96%) in the liraglutide group, and 134 (94%) in the placebo group completed the 52-week trial period. Mean change from baseline in HbA
interpretationOral semaglutide was non-inferior to subcutaneous liraglutide and superior to placebo in decreasing HbA
fundingNovo Nordisk A/S.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.