ArticleHypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension2019
Synergistic effect of hypertension and smoking on the total small vessel disease score in healthy individuals: the Kashima scan study.
Article in Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global ethnic disparities in cerebral small vessel disease imaging markers and vascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Pooled it
- Reliability and validity of the total cerebral small vessel disease score: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Region-specific vulnerability to vascular risk factors and modifiable protective influences on white matter hyperintensities.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Differences in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Magnetic Resonance Imaging Depending on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Investigating the association between human brainstem microstructural integrity and hypertension using magnetic resonance relaxometry.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Article
- Associations for progression of cerebral small vessel disease burden in healthy adults: the Kashima scan study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- Investigations of hypoxia-induced deoxyhemoglobin as a contrast agent for cerebral perfusion imaging.Human brain mapping · 2023Article
- Untargeted metabolomics unravel serum metabolic alterations in smokers with hypertension.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Lacunes and type 2 diabetes mellitus have a joint effect on cognitive impairment: a retrospective study.PeerJ · 2022Article
- Article
- Neurovascular Coupling Is Impaired in Hypertensive and Diabetic Subjects Without Symptomatic Cerebrovascular Disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Article
- Clinical outcomes of cerebral infarction in nonagenarians compared among four age groups.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2020Article
- Health advocacy for reducing smoking rates in Hamamatsu, Japan.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2020Review
- Alterations of the Whole Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients With Different Total Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Burden.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2020Article
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10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The total cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) score is a proposed comprehensive index of SVD severity in the brain. However, data on lifestyle-related risk factors affecting SVD scores are limited. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 858 neurologically healthy adults who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Information on clinical and lifestyle-related risk factors was obtained from health screenings. The SVD score (0-4) was calculated from the presence of lacunes, cerebral microbleeds, moderate to severe white matter lesions, and basal ganglia perivascular spaces on MRI. Subjects were divided into two groups by SVD score; potential risk factors and their joint effects in the two groups were assessed by logistic regression. Biologic interactions were estimated using the synergy index. After adjustment for possible confounders, the adjusted odds ratio for moderate to severe SVD scores (SVD score ≥ 2) was 1.12 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-1.16) for age per year, 1.33 (95% CI 1.02-1.74) for body mass index per standard deviation, 3.39 (95% CI 1.90-6.03) for hypertension, 2.31 (95% CI 1.14-4.69) for diabetes, and 2.35 (95% CI 1.10-5.02) for smoking. Hypertension and current smoking had a synergistic effect on the risk of moderate to severe SVD (OR 10.59, 95% CI 3.97-28.3; synergy index 4.03, 95% CI 1.17-28.30), and the combination of hypertension and diabetes had an additive effect on the risk of moderate to severe SVD (OR 9.48, 95% CI 3.80-23.66; synergy index 2.12, 95% CI 0.68-6.67). Therefore, combined strategies for managing hypertension, smoking, and diabetes may be effective for preventing SVD.
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