ArticleHypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension2019
Association of the spot urine sodium-to-potassium ratio with blood pressure is independent of urinary Na and K levels: The Nagahama study.
Article in Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between the Urinary Sodium to Potassium Ratio and Blood Pressure in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Pooled it
- A Randomized Clinical Trial of ICT-based Interventions for Sodium and Potassium Regulation in Healthy Adults.American journal of hypertension · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Regional effect of population-based programs promoting salt reduction and potassium intake in Hokkaido: a post hoc analysis of the PoSPIP.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Are changes in the urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio associated with changes in blood pressure in a healthy population with low urinary sodium-to-potassium ratios? Eight-year follow-up results from the KOBE Study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Prediction of future development of hypertension in the general population using urinary Na/K ratio.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension 2025 (JSH2025).Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Article
- Association between the urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio and apparent treatment-resistant hypertension in Japanese patients with non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease: the Fukuoka Kidney disease Registry study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Article
- Association between salt intake and blood pressure among community-dwelling older adults based on their physical frailty status.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Article
- Does casual urine Na/K ratio predict 24 h urine Na/K ratio in treated hypertensive patients? Comparison between casual urine voided in the morning vs. 24 h urine collected on the previous day.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Article
- Practical use and target value of urine sodium-to-potassium ratio in assessment of hypertension risk for Japanese: Consensus Statement by the Japanese Society of Hypertension Working Group on Urine Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- Prediction of endogenous mineralocorticoid receptor activity by depressor effects of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with primary aldosteronism.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- Spot urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio is associated with blood pressure levels in healthy adolescents: the Wakayama Study.Journal of human hypertension · 2024Article
- Association between sodium-to-potassium ratio in spot urine and hospitalization due to heart failure in high-risk Japanese patients.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2024Article
- Association between spot urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio and blood pressure among Chinese adults aged 18-69 years: the SMASH study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Article
- Investigation of the urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio target level based on the recommended dietary intake goals for the Japanese population: The INTERMAP Japan.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2022Observational
- Changes in the Urinary Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio Are Associated with Blood Pressure Change in Older Japanese Adults: A 7-Year Longitudinal Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- The spot urine sodium-to-potassium ratio as a marker of hypertension risk.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na/K) of a urine sample is a simple index of salt loading. To practically use Na/K, we aimed to determine whether the Na/K value affects blood pressure (BP) at any age, irrespective of urinary Na and K levels. We analyzed a dataset of the general population (the Nagahama study), including baseline and second-visit measurements performed 5 years after the baseline. Spot urine samples were used for Na/K assessments. A total of 18,505 observations were analyzed using a linear mixed model, including the measurement term as a random effect. Urinary Na/K values showed a positive association with BP. When the highest quartile of Na/K was further divided by the urinary Na/creatinine (Cre) and K/Cre levels, the high-Na/Cre (3.58) and high-K/Cre (0.75) (Na/K = 4.80) groups, as well as the low Na/Cre (1.23) and low-K/Cre (0.26) (Na/K = 4.87) groups, exhibited similar effects on systolic BP (6.82 mmHg [95% CI: 5.72-7.92] and 6.63 mmHg [95% CI: 5.35-7.91], respectively). A similar association was observed in other Na/K quartiles. The positive association of Na/K and Na/Cre with BP was steeper in the older groups, while the inverse association of K/Cre was predominant in the younger population. The results of the multivariate analysis identified interaction terms between age and Na/K, Na/Cre and K/Cre as significant determinants for SBP. The positive association of urinary Na/K with BP was independent of the urinary Na and K levels. The association between Na/K and BP may not be uniform across ages by decade.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.