ReviewGenes2019
Sex Differences in the Epigenome: A Cause or Consequence of Sexual Differentiation of the Brain?
Review in Genes, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Meta-Analysis of Brain DNA Methylation Across Sex, Age, and Alzheimer's Disease Points for Accelerated Epigenetic Aging in Neurodegeneration.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- Long-term consequences of prenatal saccharin exposure: evidence of sex-specific molecular programing in the prefrontal cortex and behavior of adolescent rats.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- Sex-dimorphic reprogramming of fetal mouse brain development by maternal estradiol excess.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- RNA sequencing analysis identifies sex differences in transcriptional signatures in the dorsal striatum of female and male rats after withdrawal from methamphetamine self-administration.Neurochemistry international · 2025Article
- The impact of sex on memory during aging and Alzheimer's disease progression: Epigenetic mechanisms.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2024Review
- The Association among Hypothalamic Subnits, Gonadotropic and Sex Hormone Plasmas Levels in Alzheimer's Disease.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Practical solutions for including sex as a biological variable (SABV) in preclinical neuropsychopharmacological research.Journal of neuroscience methods · 2024Review
- Sex diversity in the 21st century: Concepts, frameworks, and approaches for the future of neuroendocrinology.Hormones and behavior · 2024Article
- Gender and sex in eating disorders: A narrative review of the current state of knowledge, research gaps, and recommendations.Brain and behavior · 2023Review
- The role of epigenetic changes in the pathology and treatment of inherited retinal diseases.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
- The impact of 17β-estradiol on the estrogen-deficient female brain: from mechanisms to therapy with hot flushes as target symptoms.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Epigenetic Mechanisms of Brain Sexual Differentiation.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology · 2022Review
- Paternal preconceptional diet enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affects offspring brain function in mice.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Associations of age, sex, sexual abuse, and genotype with monoamine oxidase a gene methylation.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2021Article
- Review
- The Complex Interplay between Endocannabinoid System and the Estrogen System in Central Nervous System and Periphery.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Sex Differences in the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor System of Rodents: Impacts on Nicotine and Alcohol Reward Behaviors.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Review
- Flipping the parental switch: from killing to caring in male mammals.Animal behaviour · 2020Article
- Estradiol-Induced Epigenetically Mediated Mechanisms and Regulation of Gene Expression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Age-Associated DNA Methylation Patterns Are Shared Between the Hippocampus and Peripheral Blood Cells.Frontiers in genetics · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Females and males display differences in neural activity patterns, behavioral responses, and incidence of psychiatric and neurological diseases. Sex differences in the brain appear throughout the animal kingdom and are largely a consequence of the physiological requirements necessary for the distinct roles of the two sexes in reproduction. As with the rest of the body, gonadal steroid hormones act to specify and regulate many of these differences. It is thought that transient hormonal signaling during brain development gives rise to persistent sex differences in gene expression via an epigenetic mechanism, leading to divergent neurodevelopmental trajectories that may underlie sex differences in disease susceptibility. However, few genes with a persistent sex difference in expression have been identified, and only a handful of studies have employed genome-wide approaches to assess sex differences in epigenomic modifications. To date, there are no confirmed examples of gene regulatory elements that direct sex differences in gene expression in the brain. Here, we review foundational studies in this field, describe transcriptional mechanisms that could act downstream of hormone receptors in the brain, and suggest future approaches for identification and validation of sex-typical gene programs. We propose that sexual differentiation of the brain involves self-perpetuating transcriptional states that canalize sex-specific development.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.