ReviewIntegrative and comparative biology2019
Developmental and Evolutionary Allometry of the Mammalian Limb Skeleton.
Review in Integrative and comparative biology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- A cetacean-specific CNE suppresses osteogenesis to drive appendicular modification in secondary aquatic adaptation.iScience · 2026Article
- Cellular and genetic mechanisms that shape the development and evolution of tail vertebral proportion in mice and jerboas.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Humerus shape evolved in cetaceans under relaxed selection and random drift.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Challenges of engineering a functional growth plateFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Compensatory growth and recovery of cartilage cytoarchitecture after transient cell death in fetal mouse limbs.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Application of 3D MAPs pipeline identifies the morphological sequence chondrocytes undergo and the regulatory role of GDF5 in this process.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Non-model systems in mammalian forelimb evo-devo.Current opinion in genetics & development · 2021Review
- Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones.Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists · 2021Review
- Individual Cryptic Scaling Relationships and the Evolution of Animal Form.Integrative and comparative biology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
The variety of limb skeletal proportions enables a remarkable diversity of behaviors that include powered flight in bats and flipper-propelled swimming in whales using extremes of a range of homologous limb architectures. Even within human limbs, bone lengths span more than an order of magnitude from the short finger and toe bones to the long arm and leg bones. Yet all of this diversity arises from embryonic skeletal elements that are each a very similar size at formation. In this review article, I survey what is and is not yet known of the development and evolution of skeletal proportion at multiple hierarchical levels of biological organization. These include the cellular parameters of skeletal elongation in the cartilage growth plate, genes associated with differential growth, and putative gene regulatory mechanisms that would allow both covariant and independent evolution of the forelimbs and hindlimbs and of individual limb segments. Although the genetic mechanisms that shape skeletal proportion are still largely unknown, and most of what is known is limited to mammals, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the diversity of bone lengths is an emergent property of a complex system that controls elongation of individual skeletal elements using a genetic toolkit shared by all.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.