Observational studyBMJ open respiratory research2019
Lifestyle and comorbid conditions as risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in outpatient adults (NEUMO-ES-RISK project).
Observational study in BMJ open respiratory research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trends in Hospitalization, Case Fatality, and Mortality for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Portugal over 20 Years.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in older adults in Japan after the introduction of the childhood PCV13.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Hospital burden of pneumococcal disease in Spain (2016-2022): A retrospective study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Age-related changes in the immune system and challenges for the development of age-specific vaccines.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and respiratory infections in US preschool children: a population-based study.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Necrotizing Pneumonia as a Complication of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults at a Tertiary Institution.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Pneumonia-Related Hospitalizations among the Elderly: A Retrospective Study in Northeast Italy.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Asthma and Respiratory Infections From Birth to Young Adulthood.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Determinants of Community-Acquired Pneumonia Among Adults Patients Attending Debre Berhan University Hakim Gizaw Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study.International journal of general medicine · 2023Article
- Sex and gender differences in community-acquired pneumonia.Internal and emergency medicine · 2022Review
- Article
- Review
- Alcohol Use and the Risk of Communicable Diseases.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Vaccines and Senior Travellers.Frontiers in aging · 2021Review
- Clinical Characteristics and CT Findings in 148 Non-COVID-19 Influenza-Like Illness Cases: A Retrospective Control Study.Frontiers in public health · 2021Article
- Defining Community-Acquired Pneumonia as a Public Health Threat: Arguments in Favor from Spanish Investigators.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Information about community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) risk in primary care is limited. We assess different lifestyle and comorbid conditions as risk factors (RF) for CAP in adults in primary care. Methods: A retrospective-observational-controlled study was designed. Adult CAP cases diagnosed at primary care in Spain between 2009 and 2013 were retrieved using the National Surveillance System of Primary Care Data (BiFAP). Age-matched and sex-matched controls were selected by incidence density sampling (ratio 2:1). Associations are presented as percentages and OR. Binomial regression models were constructed to avoid bias effects. Results: 51 139 patients and 102 372 controls were compared. Mean age (SD) was 61.4 (19.9) years. RF more significantly linked to CAP were: HIV (OR [95% CI]: 5.21 [4.35 to 6.27]), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2.97 [2.84 to 3.12]), asthma (2.16 [2.07,2.26]), smoking (1.96 [1.91 to 2.02]) and poor dental hygiene (1.45 [1.41 to 1.49]). Average prevalence of any RF was 82.2% in cases and 69.2% in controls (2.05 [2.00 to 2.10]). CAP rate increased with the accumulation of RF and age: risk associated with 1RF was 1.42 (1.37 to 1.47) in 18-60-year-old individuals vs 1.57 (1.49 to 1.66) in >60 years of age, with 2RF 1.88 (1.80 to 1.97) vs 2.35 (2.23, 2.48) and with ≥ 3 RF 3.11 (2.95, 3.30) vs 4.34 (4.13 to 4.57). Discussion: Prevalence of RF in adult CAP in primary care is high. Main RFs associated are HIV, COPD, asthma, smoking and poor dental hygiene. Our risk stacking results could help clinicians identify patients at higher risk of pneumonia.
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