SynthesisThe Lancet. Infectious diseases2019
Efficacy of live oral rotavirus vaccines by duration of follow-up: a meta-regression of randomised controlled trials.
Synthesis in The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 124 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rotavirus vaccination and the risk of type 1 diabetes and celiac disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Real-world effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines, 2006-19: a literature review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Global health · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Effect of Non-Rotavirus Enteric Infections on Vaccine Efficacy in a ROTASIIL Clinical Trial.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Trial
- Head-to-head comparison of the immunogenicity of RotaTeq and Rotarix rotavirus vaccines and factors associated with seroresponse in infants in Bangladesh: a randomised, controlled, open-label, parallel, phase 4 trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2022Trial
- Neonatal rotavirus vaccine (RV3-BB) immunogenicity and safety in a neonatal and infant administration schedule in Malawi: a randomised, double-blind, four-arm parallel group dose-ranging study.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2022Trial
- Gut microbiome-enteric virus interactions: mechanisms, clinical implications, and translational directions.Journal of gastroenterology · 2026Review
- Evaluation of Rotavirus Vaccine Effectiveness by Severity of Rotavirus Disease: Findings From the MNSSTER-V Project.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory Role of Milk on Gut Microbiota: Implications for Enhancing Oral Vaccine Efficacy.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Peripheral rotavirus-specific T-cell responses following monovalent oral rotavirus vaccine in infants.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- The human immunome in the post-schistosomiasis mass drug administration era.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Review
- Evaluation of rotavirus, pneumococcal conjugate and human papillomavirus vaccination in four Pacific island countries: A cost-effectiveness modelling study.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Hidden Circulation and Socio-Sanitary Vulnerability: Rotavirus A and Human Adenovirus Prevalence in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children in Central Brazil Post-COVID-19.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Parents' preference for the inclusion of pediatric vaccines in the Chinese National Immunization Program: A discrete choice experiment.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Outbreak report of rotavirus gastroenteritis among remotely vaccinated travelers: A potential implication of booster vaccine for travelers to endemic countries.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Immunostimulatory Pickering emulsion for oral vaccine delivery.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Rotavirus Infections: Pathophysiology, Symptoms, and Vaccination.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Indirect Effects of Universal Infant Rotavirus Vaccination: A Narrative Systematic Review.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Helminth driven gut inflammation and microbial translocation associate with altered vaccine responses in rural Uganda.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe duration of protection offered by rotavirus vaccines varies across the world, and this variation is important to understanding and predicting the effects of the vaccines. There is now a large body of evidence on the efficacy of live oral rotavirus vaccines in different settings, but these data have never been synthesised to obtain robust estimates of efficacy by duration of follow-up. Our aim is to estimate the efficacy of live oral rotavirus vaccines at each point during follow-up and by mortality stratum.
methodsIn our meta-regression study, we identified all randomised controlled trials of rotavirus vaccines published until April 4, 2018, using the results of a Cochrane systematic review, and cross checked these studies against those identified by another systematic review. We excluded trials that were based on special populations, trials without an infant schedule, and trials without clear reporting of numbers of enrolled infants and events in different periods of follow-up. For all reported periods of follow-up, we extracted the mean duration of follow-up (time since administration of the final dose of rotavirus vaccination), the number of enrolled infants, and case counts for rotavirus-positive severe gastroenteritis in both non-vaccinated and vaccinated groups. We used a Bayesian hierarchical Poisson meta-regression model to estimate the pooled cumulative vaccine efficacy (VE) and its waning with time for three mortality strata. We then converted these VE estimates into instantaneous VE (iVE).
findingsIn settings with low mortality (15 observations), iVE pooled for infant schedules of Rotarix and RotaTeq was 98% (95% credibility interval 93-100) 2 weeks following the final dose of vaccination and 94% (87-98) after 12 months. In medium-mortality settings (11 observations), equivalent estimates were 82% (74-92) after 2 weeks and 77% (67-84) after 12 months. In settings with high mortality (24 observations), there were five different vaccines with observation points for infant schedules. The pooled iVE was 66% (48-81) after 2 weeks of follow-up and 44% (27-59) after 12 months.
interpretationRotavirus vaccine efficacy is lower and wanes more rapidly in high-mortality settings than in low-mortality settings, but the earlier peak age of disease in high-mortality settings means that live oral rotavirus vaccines are still likely to provide substantial benefit.
fundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.