ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2019
Determining the biological associates of acute cold pressor post-encoding stress effects on human memory: The role of salivary interleukin-1β.
Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of acute stress on salivary markers of inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2020Pooled it
- Metabolic state shapes cortisol reactivity to acute stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of metabolic and hormonal modulators.Neurobiology of stress · 2025Article
- Evidence for response inhibition as a control process distinct from the common executive function: A two-study factor analysis.Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition · 2025Article
- Analysis of the impact of clinical practices on salivary biomarkers of inflammation and stress in oral surgery postgraduate students: a pilot study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- When stress enhances memory encoding: The beneficial effects of changing context.Neurobiology of learning and memory · 2023Article
- Why is subjective stress severity a stronger predictor of health than stressor exposure? A preregistered two-study test of two hypotheses.Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress · 2023Article
- A Review of Psychological Stress among Students and Its Assessment Using Salivary Biomarkers.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Stress and memory encoding: What are the roles of the stress-encoding delay and stress relevance?Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2022Article
- Physiological and subjective validation of a novel stress procedure: The Simple Singing Stress Procedure.Behavior research methods · 2021Article
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity in Childhood Predicts Emotional Memory Effects and Related Neural Circuitry in Adolescent Girls.Journal of cognitive neuroscience · 2021Article
- Post-Encoding Stress Does Not Enhance Memory Consolidation: The Role of Cortisol and Testosterone Reactivity.Brain sciences · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Stress generally hurts many aspects of memory, but an interesting finding to emerge from the stress and memory literature is that stress that occurs shortly after learning (i.e., post-encoding stress) usually benefits memory. Although this effect is well established, the biological mechanisms underpinning this effect are not-especially in humans. We addressed this gap in the present study by collecting saliva samples from 80 participants who were randomized to a post-encoding stress (i.e., cold pressor for 3 min) or control task (i.e., warm water for 3 min) and 48 h later completed a recognition memory task. Saliva was collected both prior to and 15 min after the offset of (18 min after the onset of) the stress/control manipulation. Drawing on animal and human work, we examined how five stress-responsive biomarkers-cortisol, salivary α-amylase, progesterone, estradiol, and the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β, all assessed in saliva-related to the effects of stress on memory. We found that stress enhanced recollection of negative images and that these effects were selectively related to salivary IL-1β. Moreover, we found that the beneficial effects of stress on memory were statistically mediated by salivary IL-1β. We found no robust associations-either linear or quadratic-between memory and any other biomarker, nor did we find significant interactions between biomarkers in predicting memory. These results suggest that immune system activity indexed by salivary IL-1β may play an important role in contributing to post-encoding stress effects on human memory.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.