ArticleAlzheimer's research & therapy2019
Upregulation of MIF as a defense mechanism and a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease.
Article in Alzheimer's research & therapy, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Therapeutic Effects of miR-29b-Enriched Nanovesicles on Mitochondrial Injury and Neuroinflammatory Processes in Alzheimer's Disease.Neurotoxicity research · 2026Article
- Oxidized MIF is an Alzheimer's disease drug target relaying external risk factors to tau pathology.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Meningeal lymphatics as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders.Translational neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: Exploring physiological roles and comparing health benefits against oncogenic and autoimmune risks (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Large-scale CSF proteome profiling identifies biomarkers for accurate diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Article
- Global burden of disease and its risk factors for adults aged 70 and older across 204 countries and territories: a comprehensive analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- The CD74 inhibitor DRhQ improves short-term memory and mitochondrial function in 5xFAD mouse model of Aβ accumulation.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Article
- Ginsenoside Ro ameliorates cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice via the IBA1/GFAP-MAPK signaling pathway.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Network Pharmacology of miR-146a-5p as a Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agent in Preventing Alzheimer's Disease.Current Alzheimer research · 2025Article
- Characterizing plasma and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers relevant to neurodegeneration in captive olive baboons (Papio anubis).PloS one · 2025Article
- Inflammation and DNA methylation in Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms of epigenetic remodelling by immune cell oxidants in the ageing brain.Redox report : communications in free radical research · 2024Review
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in CNS diseases: Functional regulation and potential therapeutic indication.Fundamental research · 2024Review
- Parthanatos: Mechanisms, modulation, and therapeutic prospects in neurodegenerative disease and stroke.Biochemical pharmacology · 2024Review
- A functional aged human iPSC-cortical neuron model recapitulates Alzheimer's disease, senescence, and the response to therapeutics.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Modelling the innate immune system in microphysiological systems.Lab on a chip · 2024Review
- Traumatic brain injury alters the effects of class II invariant peptide (CLIP) antagonism on chronic meningeal CLIP + B cells, neuropathology, and neurobehavioral impairment in 5xFAD mice.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Blocking the Self-Destruct Program of Dopamine Neurons through Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Nuclease Inhibition.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2024Review
- Microfluidic Isolation of Neuronal-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Shows Distinct and Common Neurological Proteins in Long COVID, HIV Infection and Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Microglial Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- SARM1 Promotes Neurodegeneration and Memory Impairment in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease.Aging and disease · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMacrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Chronic inflammation induced by amyloid β proteins (Aβ) is one prominent neuropathological feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain.
methodsElisa, Western blot, and immunohistochemical staining analysis were performed to examine the level of MIF protein in CSF and brain tissues. MTT and LDH assays were used to examine the neurotoxicity, and the Morris Water Maze test was performed to examine the cognitive function in the MIF
resultsMIF expression was upregulated in the brain of AD patients and AD model mice. Elevated MIF concentration was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients but not in that of the patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment and vascular dementia. Reduced MIF expression impaired learning and memory in the AD model mice. MIF expression largely associates with Aβ deposits and microglia. The binding assay revealed a direct association between MIF and Aβ oligomers. Neurons instead of glial cells were responsible for the secretion of MIF upon stimulation by Aβ oligomers. In addition, overexpression of MIF significantly protected neuronal cells from Aβ-induced cytotoxicity.
conclusionOur study suggests that neuronal secretion of MIF may serve as a defense mechanism to compensate for declined cognitive function in AD, and increased MIF level could be a potential AD biomarker.
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Registered trials
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