Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2019
Vitamin D Supplementation and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes.
Registry-linked trialOpen access · bronzeAbstract readMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph
Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07448974 (Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes, Treat-To-Target), which is not on this map. Cited by 332 papers, 16 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
332citing papers in PubMed, 16 pooled it
57.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes, Treat-To-Target
Who cites it
332 citing papers in PubMed, 16 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 641 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of vitamin D signalling in β cell apoptosis: a systematic review.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The Lebanese GRADE-based vitamin D guidelines: a paradigm for the MENA region.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2025Guideline
- Vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo and incident type 2 diabetes in an ancillary study of the randomized Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial.Nature communications · 2025Pooled it
- Vitamin D Deficiency Meets Hill's Criteria for Causation in SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility, Complications, and Mortality: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Assessing the potency of vitamin D augmentation on saccharometric indices in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- 2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Management in Korea: Full Version Recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2024Guideline
- Vitamin D and human health: evidence from Mendelian randomization studies.European journal of epidemiology · 2024Pooled it
- Research Progress on the Relationship between Vitamins and Diabetes: Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Psoriasis and Vitamin D: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Long-term supplementation with 3200 to 4000 IU of vitamin D daily and adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.European journal of nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Vitamin D supplementation and total cancer incidence and mortality by daily vs. infrequent large-bolus dosing strategies: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.British journal of cancer · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamins C and D and COVID-19 Susceptibility, Severity and Progression: An Evidence Based Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms and the Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Diabetes Risk Among Adults With Prediabetes.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Preconception vitamin D status and subsequent risk of preeclampsia: A secondary cohort analysis from the EAGeR trial.Pregnancy hypertension · 2026Trial
- The interaction of vitamin D supplementation with Omentin-1 gene polymorphism on metabolic factors and anthropometric indices in women with prediabetes: a study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2025Trial
- Classification of Vitamin D Status Based on Vitamin D Metabolism: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Hypertensive Patients.Nutrients · 2024Trial
272 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
36 authors at 20 institutions in 2 countries.
Anastassios G PittasFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Bess Dawson-HughesFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Patricia SheehanFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
James H WareFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
William C KnowlerFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Vanita R ArodaFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Irwin BrodskyFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Lisa CegliaFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Chhavi ChadhaFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Ranee ChatterjeeFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Cyrus DesouzaFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Rowena DolorFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
John ForeytFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Paul FussFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Adline GhaziFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Daniel S HsiaFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Karen C JohnsonFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Sangeeta R KashyapFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Sun KimFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Erin S LeBlancFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Michael R LewisFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Emilia LiaoFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Lisa M NeffFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Jason NelsonFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Patrick O'NeilFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Jean ParkFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Anne PetersFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Lawrence S PhillipsFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Richard PratleyFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Philip RaskinFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Neda RasouliFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
David RobbinsFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Clifford RosenFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Ellen M VickeryFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
Myrlene StatenFrom Tufts Medical Center (A.G.P., L.C., P.F., J.N., E.M.V.), the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University (B.D.-H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (V.R.A.), and Harvard School of Public Health (J.H.W.), Boston, and the Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Charlestown (P.S.) - all in Massachusetts; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ (W.C.K.); the Maine Medical Center (I.B.) and the Maine Medical Center Research Institute (C.R.) - both in Scarborough; HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (C.C.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.C., R.D.); the University of Nebraska Medical Center and Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha (C.D.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (J.F.), and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R.) - both in Texas; MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital, Baltimore (A.G.), MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville (J.P.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (M.S.) - all in Maryland; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (D.S.H.); the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (K.C.J.); Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (S.R.K.); Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford (S.K.), and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles (A.P.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research-Northwest, Portland, OR (E.S.L.); the University of Vermont, Burlington (M.R.L.); Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York (E.L.); Northwestern University, Chicago (L.M.N.); the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (P.O.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, and the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur - both in Georgia (L.S.P.); AdventHealth Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL (R.P.); the University of Colorado Denver and the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver (N.R.); and the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (D.R.).
D2d Research Group
Tufts Medical Center · USDuke Medical Center · USNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases · USBaylor College of Medicine · USBrigham and Women's Hospital · USCleveland Clinic · USHarvard University · USHealthPartners · USKaiser Permanente Center for Health Research · USLenox Hill Hospital · USMaine Medical Center Research Institute · USMedical University of South Carolina · USMedStar Good Samaritan Hospital · USMedStar Health · USNorthwestern University · PHPennington Biomedical Research Center · USPsychiatric Rehabilitation Association · USStanford Medicine · USThe University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center · USTranslational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes · US
Funding
Harvard Clinical and Translational Science CenterUL1TR001102 · NCATS · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI NADLER, LEE MARSHALL · 2013 to 2017
$106.2MVitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d)U01DK098245 · NIDDK · TUFTS MEDICAL CENTER · PI PITTAS, ANASTASSIOS G · 2013 to 2020
$45.6MPrimary and Tertiary Prevention of type 2 diabetesZIADK075078 · NIDDK · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES · PI HANSON, ROBERT · 2012 to 2025
$4.6MVitamin D for Type 2 Diabetes (D2D trial)U34DK091958 · NIDDK · TUFTS MEDICAL CENTER · PI PITTAS, ANASTASSIOS G · 2011 to 2012
$792kAmerican Diabetes Association 1-14-D2d-01NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001102NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK098245NIDDK NIH HHS U34 DK091958NIDDK NIH HHS U34DK091958Office of Dietary Supplements U01DK098245
Abstract
backgroundObservational studies support an association between a low blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, whether vitamin D supplementation lowers the risk of diabetes is unknown.
methodsWe randomly assigned adults who met at least two of three glycemic criteria for prediabetes (fasting plasma glucose level, 100 to 125 mg per deciliter; plasma glucose level 2 hours after a 75-g oral glucose load, 140 to 199 mg per deciliter; and glycated hemoglobin level, 5.7 to 6.4%) and no diagnostic criteria for diabetes to receive 4000 IU per day of vitamin D
resultsA total of 2423 participants underwent randomization (1211 to the vitamin D group and 1212 to the placebo group). By month 24, the mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in the vitamin D group was 54.3 ng per milliliter (from 27.7 ng per milliliter at baseline), as compared with 28.8 ng per milliliter in the placebo group (from 28.2 ng per milliliter at baseline). After a median follow-up of 2.5 years, the primary outcome of diabetes occurred in 293 participants in the vitamin D group and 323 in the placebo group (9.39 and 10.66 events per 100 person-years, respectively). The hazard ratio for vitamin D as compared with placebo was 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.75 to 1.04; P = 0.12). The incidence of adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups.
conclusionsAmong persons at high risk for type 2 diabetes not selected for vitamin D insufficiency, vitamin D
Indexed as
Dietary SupplementsAdministration, OralAgedCholecalciferolDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Disease-Free SurvivalDouble-Blind MethodFemaleHumansKaplan-Meier EstimateMaleMiddle AgedPrediabetic StateRisk FactorsTreatment FailureVitamin D25-hydroxyvitamin DCholecalciferolVitamin DVitamins
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
NCT07448974ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.