ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2019
Metabolic response to fasting predicts weight gain during low-protein overfeeding in lean men: further evidence for spendthrift and thrifty metabolic phenotypes.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Predicting Adaptive Thermogenesis
The Effects of Increasing Caloric Intake on Diet-Induced Thermogenesis and 24h Energy Expenditure
Energy Balance Within a Whole-Room Indirect Calorimeter and Its Relevance for Energy Expenditure Measures
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Close association between lifestyle and circulating FGF21 levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Reduced adaptive thermogenesis during acute protein-imbalanced overfeeding is a metabolic hallmark of the human thrifty phenotype.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Trial
- Specific metabolic rate and body weight regulation: racial and ethnic differences in mass-independent energy expenditure.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- Decision-Making Scores and Hunger Susceptibility: A Positive Correlation Mediated by Fasting FGF21 Independently of Body Fat.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Article
- Greater anhedonia scores in healthy individuals are associated with less decline in 24-hour energy expenditure with fasting: Evidence for a link between behavioral traits and spendthrift phenotype.Physiology & behavior · 2023Article
- Physiological protection against weight gain: evidence from overfeeding studies and future directions.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- Effects of Short-term Fasting on Ghrelin/GH/IGF-1 Axis in Healthy Humans: The Role of Ghrelin in the Thrifty Phenotype.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Article
- Targeting skeletal muscle mitochondrial health in obesity.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2022Review
- Beyond appetite regulation: Targeting energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and lean mass preservation for sustainable weight loss.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2022Review
- The counterbalancing effects of energy expenditure on body weight regulation: Orexigenic versus energy-consuming mechanisms.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2022Article
- Higher fasting plasma FGF21 concentration is associated with lower ad libitum soda consumption in humans.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Article
- Energy Balance and Control of Body Weight: Possible Effects of Meal Timing and Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Reduced brown adipose tissue activity during cold exposure is a metabolic feature of the human thrifty phenotype.Metabolism: clinical and experimental · 2021Article
- Low Protein Diets and Energy Balance: Mechanisms of Action on Energy Intake and Expenditure.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Review
- Assessment of energy expenditure: are calories measured differently for different diets?Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care · 2020Review
- Early adaptive thermogenesis is a determinant of weight loss after six weeks of caloric restriction in overweight subjects.Metabolism: clinical and experimental · 2020Article
- Metabolic Factors Determining the Susceptibility to Weight Gain: Current Evidence.Current obesity reports · 2020Review
- Recharacterizing the Metabolic State of Energy Balance in Thrifty and Spendthrift Phenotypes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2020Article
- Impact of calorie restriction on energy metabolism in humans.Experimental gerontology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGreater increase in 24-h energy expenditure (24EE) during overfeeding and smaller decrease in 24EE during fasting ("spendthrift" metabolic phenotype) are associated with more weight loss during sustained caloric restriction in overweight subjects.
objectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate whether these acute metabolic responses can also predict weight gain during sustained overfeeding in lean individuals.
methodsSeven lean men participated in this study. Prior to overfeeding, 24EE responses to fasting and 200% normal-protein overfeeding were measured in a whole-room indirect calorimeter. Volunteers underwent 6 wk of 150% low-protein (2%) overfeeding followed by another wk of weight-maintaining diet, during which 24EE was revaluated. Body composition, 24EE, and various hormone concentrations, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), were assessed at baseline, at wk 1, 3, and 6 of the overfeeding period, and 1 wk following overfeeding through the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, indirect calorimetry, and ELISA. Cumulative energy surplus was calculated from 24EE, daily physical activity, and direct measurements of calories of nutrient intake, feces, and urine by bomb calorimetry.
resultsThe average weight gain during 6 wk of low-protein overfeeding was 3.8 kg (6.1%, min: +2.5%, max: +8.0%). During 24-h fasting at baseline, 24EE decreased on average (mean ± SD) by 158 ± 81 kcal/d (P = 0.007). Subjects with less 24EE decrease during fasting (more metabolically spendthrift individuals) gained less weight (r = -0.84, P = 0.03), less fat mass (r = -0.81, P = 0.049), and stored less calories (r = -0.91, P = 0.03) during overfeeding. Following overfeeding, increased 24EE above requirements for achieved body size was associated with less weight and fat mass gain (r = -0.78, P = 0.04) and with the increase in 24EE during 200% normal-protein overfeeding measured at baseline (r = 0.91, P = 0.005). Serum FGF21 concentrations increased up to 44-fold during overfeeding (P < 0.0001).
conclusionsLow-protein overfeeding may be an important tool to identify metabolic phenotypes (spendthrift compared with thrifty) that characterize susceptibility to weight gain. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00687115.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.