ArticleJournal of the National Medical Association2019
Racial Disparities in Adult Pneumococcal Vaccination Indications and Pneumococcal Hospitalizations in the U.S.
Article in Journal of the National Medical Association, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Use of 21-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Among U.S. Adults: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2024.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2024Guideline
- Residual Disparities in US Adults Hospitalized due to All-Cause Pneumonia Following Implementation of Childhood 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in National Immunization Program.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Pneumococcal Vaccination Uptake in People With Immunosuppressed Conditions Using Real-World Primary Care Data Across England: Protocol for a Retrospective Descriptive Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- AI-Assisted Systematic Literature Review of the Economic Burden of Pneumococcal Disease: Development and Validation Study.JMIR AI · 2026Article
- Health disparities in the burden of pneumococcal disease in US adults.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2026Review
- Vaccine uptake and hesitancy among Black people: A scoping review.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2026Article
- Demographic and geographic hotspots of Alzheimer's disease and pneumonia-related mortality among older adults in the United States: a retrospective analysis.European journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Trends in asthma and pneumonia-related mortality in the United States: a CDC wonder database analysis (1999-2023).Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Factors Impacting Pneumococcal Vaccination Among Non-Hispanic Black Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.The science of diabetes self-management and care · 2025Article
- Influence of area-level social vulnerability on all-cause pneumonia incidence among adult Medicare and Medicaid enrollees.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Cost-effectiveness and budget impact analyses of the 24-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in adults aged 50 and older.Vaccine · 2025Article
- A budget impact analysis of 15- or 20- valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use in all US adults aged 50-64 years old compared to those with high-risk conditions from US payer perspective.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Health care resource use and costs associated with adult pneumococcal disease in the United States from 2017 to 2019, stratified by age and health risk: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- U.S. COVID-19 vaccine distribution strategies, systems, performance, and lessons learned, December 2020 - May 2023.Vaccine · 2024Article
- Association Between Social Vulnerability and Streptococcus pneumoniae Antimicrobial Resistance in US Adults.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Pneumococcal Vaccination Strategies in 50-Year-Olds to Decrease Racial Disparities: A US Societal Perspective Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research · 2024Article
- Article
- Societal Cost of Racial Pneumococcal Disease Disparities in US Adults Aged 50 Years or Older.Applied health economics and health policy · 2024Article
- Acute organ injury and long-term sequelae of severe pneumococcal infections.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2023Review
- Exposure, Susceptibility, and Recovery: A Framework for Examining the Intersection of the Social and Physical Environments and Infectious Disease Risk.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRacial disparities in U.S. adult pneumococcal vaccination rates persist despite reduced barriers to access. Consequently, racial and ethnic minorities experience pneumococcal disease at higher rates than whites. This study examined prevalence of high-risk conditions and pneumococcal hospitalizations among U.S. black and non-black populations aged ≥50 years.
methodsNational Health Interview Survey, National Center for Health Statistics and National Inpatient Sample data were used to create black and non-black population cohorts, determine risk factors for pneumococcal disease (pneumococcal vaccine indications) and assess the impact of pneumococcal hospitalization. Each racial cohort was segmented into groups based on the presence of immunocompromising or other pneumococcal high-risk conditions. Persons without those conditions were separated into smokers (also a pneumococcal vaccine indication) and nonsmokers. Mortality was estimated from NCHS life table data. NIS data provided length of stay and costs (calculated from cost to charge ratios) for admissions related to pneumococcal disease including bacteremia, meningitis and nonbacteremic pneumonia.
resultsThere were similar proportions of immunocompromised (<5%) and smokers (14%) in both racial cohorts. Likelihood of non-immunocompromising pneumococcal high-risk conditions was higher for blacks than non-blacks at age 65, but higher for non-blacks than blacks at age 80 years (P < 0.001). Age-specific relative likelihood of mortality was 1.1%-12% higher in blacks than non-blacks (P < 0.001). Length of stay was significantly longer for blacks than non-blacks in all age and discharge status groups for non-bacteremic pneumonia and for blacks discharged alive with invasive pneumococcal disease. Costs were higher for blacks 65 years or older with invasive pneumococcal disease.
conclusionMarked differences exist between U.S. black and non-black populations in likelihood of conditions conferring a high-risk of pneumococcal disease, and for length of stay and costs of pneumococcal disease hospitalizations. Further research is recommended to identify cost-effective policies or interventions to increase vaccine uptake in higher risk populations.
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