ArticleBMC complementary and alternative medicine2019
The effects of a hirudin/liposome complex on a diabetic nephropathy rat model.
Article in BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hirudin as a Therapeutic and Brain-Delivery Platform: From Stroke to Central Nervous System Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Translational advances in diabetic nephropathy management: integrating nanoformulation-based drug delivery systems.Frontiers in medical technology · 2026Review
- Liposome-Based Drug Delivery for Diabetes: Therapeutic Applications and a Nanomedicine Perspective on Diabetic Complications.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Recent progress on formulations of hirudin.Pharmaceutical science advances · 2025Review
- Anacardic acid ameliorates insulin resistance and diabetic nephropathy: network pharmacology, in vivo and molecular docking studies targeting TNF- α / TGFβR1 signaling.Journal of natural medicines · 2025Article
- Research progress on the treatment of diabetic nephropathy with leech and its active ingredients.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- Review
- Nanomedicines for the management of diabetic nephropathy: present progress and prospects.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- A Molecular Mechanism Study to Reveal Hirudin's Downregulation to PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway through Decreasing PDGFRBioMed research international · 2022Article
- Liposomes as Multifunctional Nano-Carriers for Medicinal Natural Products.Frontiers in chemistry · 2022Review
- Network Pharmacology andFrontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Protective Effect of Keluoxin against Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Models.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2021Article
- Pharmacological Activities and Mechanisms of Hirudin and Its Derivatives - A Review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- Effects of Hirudin on High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Pathway in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHirudin, an extract from Hirudo spp., is an anticoagulant used to treat a variety of renal diseases, including diabetic nephropathy (DN). Currently, hirudin has to be used at high dosages to treat DN because it poorly targets the kidneys, although at high dosages it can have severe side effects. Developing a targeted drug delivery system for hirudin, then, could boost its positive therapeutic effects while lowering the risk of side effects. Liposomes have been demonstrated to have significant renal targeting potential, but here we show that a hirudin-loaded liposome is an effective delivery method for patients with DN.
methodIn this study, we prepared a hirudin/liposome complex and tested its efficacy by injecting it into a rat model. We then compared the renal accumulation of hirudin between complex-injected rat models and rat models that received injections of hirudin alone. We also investigated the mechanisms behind the complex's effects.
resultThe hirudin/liposome complex increased the accumulation of hirudin in kidney tissues and relieved the renal injury in DN rat models. Moreover, the hirudin/liposome complex down-regulated the expression of TGF-β1 and VEGF in the kidneys.
conclusionWe demonstrated that a hirudin/liposome complex can have a significant positive effect on DN. The mechanism may be that the complex inhibits the expression of VEGF and TGF-β1.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.