ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2019
Tap Water Contributions to Plasma Concentrations of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 132 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental Exposure to Per- and Polyfluorylalkyl Substances (PFASs) and Reproductive Outcomes in the General Population: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- Human exposure pathways to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from indoor media: A systematic review.Environment international · 2022Pooled it
- Serum Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2021Trial
- Assessing environmental exposures in children: toward a comprehensive exposome approach.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Contribution of Indoor Air and Dust to Children's Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Exposure in the Faroe Islands.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Serum PFAS levels in UK firefighters.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Is drinking water with low PFAS a significant source of human exposure? Evidence summary.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Review
- Is drinking water with low PFAS a significant source of human exposure? Evidence summary.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Review
- Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) Exceeds All Other Extractable Organofluorine in Drinking Water from Eastern Massachusetts, United States.Environmental science & technology letters · 2026Article
- The PFAS roadmap-Navigating a path together to improved management.Sustainability science and technology · 2026Article
- Associations between PFAS in public water system drinking water and serum among Southern California adults.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Maternal, fetal, and neonatal toxicity and potency estimates of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) from oral maternal exposure in the Sprague-Dawley rat.Toxicology · 2025Article
- Collection of multimedia measurements to evaluate PFAS human exposure sources in the residential environment.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2025Article
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Enhance Cholesterol Accumulation and Dysregulate Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Article
- PFAS in Rural U.S. Well Water: Using Participatory Science to Identify and Communicate Results to Address Risks.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Novel and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in humans: Long-term temporal variability and metabolic perturbations.Environment international · 2025Article
- Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in North Carolina homes: results from the indoor PFAS assessment (IPA) campaign.Environmental science. Processes & impacts · 2025Article
- Exposure to Legacy Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Diet and Drinking Water in California Adults, 2018-2020.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Associations between per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and county-level cancer incidence between 2016 and 2021 and incident cancer burden attributable to PFAS in drinking water in the United States.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2025Article
- Perfluorooctanoic acid serum concentrations and half-lives in a community exposed to contaminated drinking water in New York State.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2025Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBetween 2013 and 2015, concentrations of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in public drinking water supplies serving at least six million individuals exceeded the level set forth in the health advisory established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Other than data reported for contaminated sites, no systematic or prospective data exist on the relative source contribution (RSC) of drinking water to human PFAS exposures.
objectivesThis study estimates the RSC of tap water to overall PFAS exposure among members of the general U.S. POPULATION:
methodsWe measured concentrations of 15 PFAS in home tap water samples collected in 1989-1990 from 225 participants in a nationwide prospective cohort of U.S. women: the Nurses' Health Study (NHS). We used a one-compartment toxicokinetic model to estimate plasma concentrations corresponding to tap water intake of PFAS. We compared modeled results with measured plasma PFAS concentrations among a subset of 110 NHS participants.
resultsTap water perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were statistically significant predictors of plasma concentrations among individuals who consumed [Formula: see text] cups of tap water per day. Modeled median contributions of tap water to measured plasma concentrations were: PFOA 12% (95% probability interval 11%-14%), PFNA 13% (8.7%-21%), linear perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (nPFOS) 2.2% (2.0%-2.5%), branched perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (brPFOS) 3.0% (2.5%-3.2%), and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) 34% (29%-39%). In five locations, comparisons of PFASs in community tap water collected in the period 2013-2016 with samples from 1989-1990 indicated increases in quantifiable PFAS and extractable organic fluorine (a proxy for unquantified PFAS).
conclusionsOur results for 1989-1990 compare well with the default RSC of 20% used in risk assessments for legacy PFAS by many agencies. Future evaluation of drinking water exposures should incorporate emerging PFAS. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4093.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.