ArticleOpen heart
Impact of changes in heart rate with age on all-cause death and cardiovascular events in 50-year-old men from the general population.
Article in Open heart. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does Exercise Training Improve Cardiac-Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity in Sedentary People? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Is Heart Rate a Confounding Factor for Photoplethysmography Markers? A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Heart Rate Variability-Guided Training for Improving Mortality Predictors in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Optimal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Reduces Daytime Resting Heart Rate in Prediabetes: A Randomized Controlled Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020Trial
- Differential Outcomes of Beta-Blockers According to Heart Rate Following Myocardial Infarction with Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction.Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2026Article
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Resting Heart Rate, and Glycemic Variability in Adults With Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young.Diabetes · 2026Article
- Wearing WHOOP More Frequently Is Associated with Better Biometrics and Healthier Sleep and Activity Patterns.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Global burden of ischemic heart disease due to omega-3 deficiency: 204-country analysis, 1990-2021.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Comparison of physiological and clinical reactions to COVID-19 and influenza vaccination.Communications medicine · 2024Article
- Mediterranean lifestyle index and 24-h systolic blood pressure and heart rate in community-dwelling older adults.GeroScience · 2024Article
- 10-Year Risk Prediction of Higher-Grade AV Block in Patients with First-Degree AV Block.AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium · 2024Article
- Effects of temporal changes in resting heart rate on future diabetes-related outcomes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- The COVID-19 Pandemic Decreases Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study in Industry.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2023Article
- Intra-Assessment Resting Metabolic Rate Variability Is Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Middle-Aged Adults.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Performance of heart rate adjusted heart rate variability for risk stratification of sudden cardiac death.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2023Article
- Safety of the fourth COVID-19 BNT162b2 mRNA (second booster) vaccine: a prospective and retrospective cohort study.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2023Article
- Low Heart Rate Is Associated with Cerebral Pulsatility after TIA or Minor Stroke.Annals of neurology · 2022Article
- Prediction of SYNTAX score II improvement by adding temporal heart rate changes between discharge and first outpatient visit in patients with acute myocardial infarction.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2022Article
- Effect of baseline resting heart rate on the risk of all-cause death in Chinese patients with hypertension.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2022Article
- PTSD symptom clusters and cardiovascular responses to stress: Reactivity and recovery.Journal of psychosomatic research · 2022Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Resting heart rate (RHR), a known cardiovascular risk factor, changes with age. However, little is known about the association between changes in RHR and the risk of cardiovascular events. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess the impact of RHR at baseline, and the change in RHR over time, on the risk of all-cause death and cardiovascular events. Design: A random population sample of men born in 1943 who were living in Gothenburg, Sweden was prospectively followed for a 21-year period. Methods: Participants were examined three times: first in 1993 and then re-examined in 2003 and 2014. At each visit, a clinical examination, an ECG and laboratory analyses were performed. Change in RHR between 1993 and 2003 was defined as a decrease if RHR decreased by 5 beats per minute (bpm), an increase if RHR increased by 5 bpm or stable if the RHR change was <4bpm). Results: Participants with a baseline RHR of >75 bpm in 1993 had about a twofold higher risk of all-cause death (HR 2.3, CI 1.2 to 4.7, p=0.018), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (HR 1.8, CI 1.1 to 3.0, p=0.014) and coronary heart disease (CHD) (HR 2.2, CI 1.1 to 4.5, p=0.025) compared with those with <55 bpm in 1993. Participants with a stable RHR between 1993 and 2003 had a 44% decreased risk of CVD (HR 0.56, CI 0.35 to 0.87, p=0.011) compared with participants with an increasing RHR. Furthermore, every beat increase in heart rate from 1993 was associated with a 3% higher risk for all-cause death, 1% higher risk for CVD and 2% higher risk for CHD. Conclusion: High RHR was associated with an increased risk of death and cardiovascular events in men from the general population. Moreover, individuals with an increase in RHR between 50 and 60 years of age had worse outcome.
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