Observational studyPloS one2019
Tardive dyskinesia among patients using antipsychotic medications in customary clinical care in the United States.
Observational study in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal side effects: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Schizophrenia and disordered sensorimotor control: challenges, mechanisms and opportunities.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Real-World Claims Analysis to Characterize the Burden of Tardive Dyskinesia in Long-Term Care Settings.Neurology and therapy · 2025Article
- Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in Europe: A descriptive review.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Review
- Identifying the diagnostic gap of tardive dyskinesia: an analysis of semi-structured electronic health record data.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Management of Psychosis in the Setting of Binge Eating, Mania, and Extrapyramidal Side Effects.Cureus · 2022Article
- Association Between Patient Survival and Clinician Variability in Treatment Rates for Aortic Valve Stenosis.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021Observational
- Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Arrest Among Patients With Post-Myocardial Infarction Ejection Fraction Greater Than 35.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021Article
- Tardive Dyskinesia in Older Persons Taking Antipsychotics.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2021Review
- Genetic Factors Associated With Tardive Dyskinesia: From Pre-clinical Models to Clinical Studies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- Racial Differences in the Use of Aortic Valve Replacement for Treatment of Symptomatic Severe Aortic Valve Stenosis in the Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Era.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020Observational
- The Clinical and Economic Burden of Tardive Dyskinesia in Israel: Real-World Data Analysis.Journal of clinical psychopharmacologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTardive dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder resulting from treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotics. An estimated 16-50% of patients treated with antipsychotics have TD, but this number may be underestimated. The objectives of this study were to build an algorithm for use in electronic health records (EHRs) for the detection and characterization of TD patients, and to estimate the prevalence of TD in a population of patients exposed to antipsychotic medications.
methodsThis retrospective observational study included patients identified in the Optum EHR Database who received a new or refill prescription for an antipsychotic medication between January 2011 and December 2015 (follow-up through June 2016). TD mentions were identified in the natural language-processed clinical notes, and an algorithm was built to classify the likelihood that the mention represented documentation of a TD diagnosis as probable, possible, unlikely, or negative. The final TD population comprised a subgroup identified using this algorithm, with ≥1 probable TD mention (highly likely TD).
results164,417 patients were identified for the antipsychotic population, with1,314 comprising the final TD population. Conservatively, the estimated average annual prevalence of TD in patients receiving antipsychotics was 0.8% of the antipsychotic user population. The average annual prevalence may be as high as 1.9% per antipsychotic user per year, allowing for a more-inclusive algorithm using both probable and possible TD. Most TD patients were prescribed atypical antipsychotics (1049/1314, 79.8%). Schizophrenia (601/1314, 45.7%), and paranoid and schizophrenia-like disorders (277/1314, 21.1%) were more prevalent in the TD population compared with the entire antipsychotic drug cohort (13,308/164,417; 8.1% and 19,359/164,417; 11.8%, respectively).
conclusionsDespite a lower TD prevalence than previously estimated and the predominant use of atypical antipsychotics, identified TD patients appear to have a substantial comorbidity burden that requires special treatment and management consideration.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.