SynthesisNeuropsychology review2019
A Comparison of Virtual Reality Classroom Continuous Performance Tests to Traditional Continuous Performance Tests in Delineating ADHD: a Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Neuropsychology review, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Olfaction is a Marker of Severity but Not Diagnosis in Anorexia Nervosa: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neuropsychology review · 2020Pooled it
- Serious Game-Based Attention Assessment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Preliminary Cross-Sectional Convergent Validation Study.JMIR serious games · 2026Article
- Multimodal Virtual Reality Assessment of Medication Effects in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Distinction From Depression: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR human factors · 2026Article
- Towards Ecological Validity When Assessing ADHD Symptoms: Patterns in Automatically Collected, Real-World PC Activity Data.International journal of human-computer studies · 2026Article
- Acceptance of virtual reality to promote attention orientation in children: a qualitative study among children with ADHD and neurotypical development.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Relationships Between Parent Ratings of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Behaviors and the Virtual Reality Attention Tracker in School-Aged Children: Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Urinary Metabolic Biomarkers of Attentional Control in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Dimensional Approach ThroughNMR in biomedicine · 2025Article
- Selective attention and sensitivity to auditory disturbances in a virtually real classroom.eLife · 2025Article
- Empowering Social Growth Through Virtual Reality-Based Intervention for Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: 3-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR serious games · 2024Article
- Fluctuations of Attention During Self-paced Naturalistic Goal-Directed Behavior in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.JAACAP open · 2024Article
- Assessment and treatment of mental health conditions in children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review of how virtual reality environments have been used.Clinical child psychology and psychiatry · 2024Article
- Use of virtual reality in children in a broad range of medical settings: a systematic narrative review of recent meta-analyses.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2024Article
- Examining the Use of VR as a Study Aid for University Students with ADHD.Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. CHI Conference · 2024Article
- Data-driven profiles of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using objective and ecological measures of attention, distractibility, and hyperactivity.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- A diffusion decision model analysis of the cognitive effects of neurofeedback for ADHD.Neuropsychology · 2024Article
- Executive function rehabilitation and evaluation based on brain-computer interface and virtual reality: our opinion.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- Diagnosis of ADHD using virtual reality and artificial intelligence: an exploratory study of clinical applications.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Current virtual reality-based rehabilitation interventions in neuro-developmental disorders at developmental ages.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2024Review
- EPELI: a novel virtual reality task for the assessment of goal-directed behavior in real-life contexts.Psychological research · 2023Article
- Attention and impulsivity assessment using virtual reality games.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Computerized continuous performance tests (CPTs) are commonly used to characterize attention in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Virtual classroom CPTs, designed to enhance ecological validity, are increasingly being utilized. Lacking is a quantitative meta-analysis of clinical comparisons of attention performance in children with ADHD using virtual classroom CPTs. The objective of the present systematic PRISMA review was to address this empirical void and compare three-dimensional (3D) virtual classroom CPTs to traditional two-dimensional (2D) CPTs. The peer-reviewed literature on comparisons of virtual classroom performance between children with ADHD and typically developing children was explored in six databases (e.g., Medline). Published studies using a virtual classroom to compare attentional performance between children with ADHD and typically developing children were included. Given the high heterogeneity with modality comparisons (i.e., computerized CPTs vs. virtual classroom CPTs for ADHD), both main comparisons included only population comparisons (i.e., control vs. ADHD) using each CPT modality. Meta-analytic findings were generally consistent with previous meta-analyses of computerized CPTs regarding the commonly used omission, commission, and hit reaction time variables. Results suggest that the virtual classroom CPTs reliably differentiate attention performance in persons with ADHD. Ecological validity implications are discussed pertaining to subtle meta-analytic outcome differences compared to computerized 2D CPTs. Further, due to an inability to conduct moderator analyses, it remains unclear if modality differences are due to other factors. Suggestions for future research using the virtual classroom CPTs are provided.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.