ArticleDiabetologia2019
Continuous glucose monitoring targets in type 1 diabetes pregnancy: every 5% time in range matters.
Article in Diabetologia, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Preexisting Diabetes and Pregnancy: An Endocrine Society and European Society of Endocrinology Joint Clinical Practice Guideline.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Guideline
- A qualitative enquiry into the lived experiences of women with type 1 diabetes using closed-loop insulin delivery in pregnancy in the CIRCUIT trial.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Pregnancies With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Diabetes care · 2025Trial
- Reduced-energy diet in women with gestational diabetes: the dietary intervention in gestational diabetes DiGest randomized clinical trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Randomized Trial of Assisted Hybrid Closed-Loop Therapy Versus Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy in Pregnancy.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2024Trial
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring Time-in-Range and HbADiabetes technology & therapeutics · 2021Trial
- Can placental growth factors explain birthweight variation in offspring of women with type 1 diabetes?Diabetologia · 2021Trial
- Which growth standards should be used to identify large- and small-for-gestational age infants of mothers with type 1 diabetes? A pre-specified analysis of the CONCEPTT trial.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Trial
- The Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Managing Hyperglycaemia First Detected in Pregnancy: A Narrative Review.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- Glucose Metabolism and Modeling Approaches in Pregnancy: From Dynamic Metabolic Tests to Continuous Glucose Monitoring.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of dose-response variability and severity in STZ-induced diabetes: female vs. male NSG mice.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Diabetes Monitoring in Pregnant Women with Type 1 Diabetes: Capillary Blood Glucose or Interstitial Fluid Glucose? A Case Control Study.Nutrition and metabolic insights · 2026Article
- Continuous Interstitial Glucose Monitoring through a Long-Term Subcutaneous Implantable Sensor during Pregnancy in Type 1 Diabetes: A Two- Patient Case Report.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Article
- Advantages and Challenges of Automated Insulin Delivery Use in Pregnancy: Physiology Considerations.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2026Review
- Practical Approach to Continuous Glucose Monitoring Interpretation and Automated Insulin Delivery Use in Pregnancy: Considerations for Obstetric Providers.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2026Article
- Real-world use of non-pregnancy-specific automated insulin delivery systems during gestation and delivery: a case series.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Case series of a hybrid closed loop therapy system used in pregnancy.Acta diabetologica · 2025Article
- Glucose time in range trajectories during pregnancy and association with adverse perinatal outcomes: a joint latent-class trajectory modeling approach.American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM · 2025Article
- One Size Does Not Fit All: The Need for Sex-Specific Precision Medicine in Diabetes Technology.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
With randomised trial data confirming that continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is associated with improvements in maternal glucose control and neonatal health outcomes, CGM is increasingly used in antenatal care. Across pregnancy, the ambition is to increase the CGM time in range (TIR), while reducing time above range (TAR), time below range (TBR) and glycaemic variability measures. Pregnant women with type 1 diabetes currently spend, on average, 50% (12 h), 55% (13 h) and 60% (14 h) in the target range of 3.5-7.8 mmol/l (63-140 mg/dl) during the first, second and third trimesters, respectively. Hyperglycaemia, as measured by TAR, reduces from 40% (10 h) to 33% (8 h) during the first to third trimester. A TIR of >70% (16 h, 48 min) and a TAR of <25% (6 h) is achieved only in the final weeks of pregnancy. CGM TBR data are particularly sensor dependent, but regardless of the threshold used for individual patients, spending ≥4% of time (1 h) below 3.5 mmol/l or ≥1% of time (15 min) below 3.0 mmol/l is not recommended. While maternal hyperglycaemia is a well-established risk factor for obstetric and neonatal complications, CGM-based risk factors are emerging. A 5% lower TIR and 5% higher TAR during the second and third trimesters is associated with increased risk of large for gestational age infants, neonatal hypoglycaemia and neonatal intensive care unit admissions. For optimal neonatal outcomes, women and clinicians should aim for a TIR of >70% (16 h, 48 min) and a TAR of <25% (6 h), from as early as possible during pregnancy.
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