Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31160595›Full record

ArticleNature communications2019

Terminator-free template-independent enzymatic DNA synthesis for digital information storage.

Henry H Lee, Reza Kalhor, Naveen Goela, Jean Bolot, George M Church

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
91citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

91 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Engineering a Virus-Derived X Family DNA Polymerase FvPolX for de novo DNA Synthesis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Highly Ordered DNA Framework Interface Enables Efficient Enzymatic Oligonucleotide Synthesis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Cost-Effective DNA Storage System with DNA Movable Type.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
    Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article

31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Henry H LeeDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA. hhlee@genetics.med.harvard.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0577-2275
Reza KalhorDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-7545
Naveen GoelaTechnicolor Research & Innovation Lab, Palo Alto, 94306, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2618-1834
Jean BolotTechnicolor Research & Innovation Lab, Palo Alto, 94306, CA, USA.
George M ChurchDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA. gchurch@genetics.med.harvard.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3535-2076

Funding

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) DE-FG02-02ER63445U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01-MH103910-02
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

DNA is an emerging medium for digital data and its adoption can be accelerated by synthesis processes specialized for storage applications. Here, we describe a de novo enzymatic synthesis strategy designed for data storage which harnesses the template-independent polymerase terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in kinetically controlled conditions. Information is stored in transitions between non-identical nucleotides of DNA strands. To produce strands representing user-defined content, nucleotide substrates are added iteratively, yielding short homopolymeric extensions whose lengths are controlled by apyrase-mediated substrate degradation. With this scheme, we synthesize DNA strands carrying 144 bits, including addressing, and demonstrate retrieval with streaming nanopore sequencing. We further devise a digital codec to reduce requirements for synthesis accuracy and sequencing coverage, and experimentally show robust data retrieval from imperfectly synthesized strands. This work provides distributive enzymatic synthesis and information-theoretic approaches to advance digital information storage in DNA.

Indexed as

ApyraseDNADNA NucleotidylexotransferaseInformation Storage and RetrievalNanoporesSequence Analysis, DNAApyraseDNADNA Nucleotidylexotransferase

Identifiers

PMID31160595
PMCPMC6546792

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.