Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31158381›Full record

ArticleExperimental eye research2019

Noninvasive imaging of the tree shrew eye: Wavefront analysis and retinal imaging with correlative histology.

Benjamin S Sajdak, Alexander E Salmon, Jenna A Cava, Kenneth P Allen, Susan Freling, Ramkumar Ramamirtham, Thomas T Norton, Austin Roorda, Joseph Carroll

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Experimental eye research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
49citing papers in PubMed
6.1field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

49 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Measuring electroretinograms in tree shrews with a portable electrophysiology device.Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
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  4. ƒ(Cell): Software for Reproducible Analysis of Optoretinograms.Translational vision science & technology · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
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  10. Is central vision (and a fovea) needed for emmetropisation?Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Unexpected Retinal Abnormalities in the Cone-Dominant Northern Tree Shrew.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Review
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  20. The effects of intensity, spectral purity and duty cycle on red light-induced hyperopia in tree shrews.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2023
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.

Benjamin S SajdakCell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States.
Alexander E SalmonCell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
Jenna A CavaOphthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
Kenneth P AllenBiomedical Resource Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
Susan FrelingMax Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, United States.
Ramkumar RamamirthamOphthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Thomas T NortonOptometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
Austin RoordaSchool of Optometry and Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
Joseph CarrollCell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States. Electronic address: jcarroll@mcw.edu.
Medical College of Wisconsin · USHarvard University · USMax Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience · USUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham · USUniversity of California, Berkeley · US

Funding

Visual Phenotyping CoreP30EY003039 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM · PI Paul Douglas Gamlin · 1985 to 2026
$16.9M
MORPHOLOGY MODULEP30EY001931 · NEI · MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN · PI BURKE, JANICE M. · 1985 to 2016
$9.8M
Developing Cone-Dominant Retinal Disease Models as a Resource for Translational Vision ResearchU24EY029891 · NEI · MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN · PI CARROLL, JOSEPH, DUNCAN, JACQUE LYNNE · 2018 to 2022
$6.6M
MECHANISMS OF OCULAR DEVELOPMENTR01EY005922 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM · PI NORTON, THOMAS T · 1986 to 2012
$4.5M
Platform Technologies for Microscopic Retinal Imaging: Development & TranslationU01EY025477 · NEI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI DUBRA, ALFREDO · 2015 to 2019
$4.4M
Rresearch Training Program in Vision ScienceT32EY014537 · NEI · MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN · PI Elena V Semina · 2002 to 2026
$4.2M
VISION RES LAB: HERPETIC KERATIC, CORE PIGMENT GENES, RETINITIS PIGMENTOSAC06RR016511 · NCRR · MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN · PI DUNN, MICHAEL J · 2002 to 2002
$1.4M
NCRR NIH HHS C06 RR016511NEI NIH HHS P30 EY001931NEI NIH HHS P30 EY003039NEI NIH HHS R01 EY005922NEI NIH HHS T32 EY014537NEI NIH HHS U01 EY025477NEI NIH HHS U24 EY029891
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Tree shrews are small mammals with excellent vision and are closely related to primates. They have been used extensively as a model for studying refractive development, myopia, and central visual processing and are becoming an important model for vision research. Their cone dominant retina (∼95% cones) provides a potential avenue to create new damage/disease models of human macular pathology and to monitor progression or treatment response. To continue the development of the tree shrew as an animal model, we provide here the first measurements of higher order aberrations along with adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) images of the photoreceptor mosaic in the tree shrew retina. To compare intra-animal in vivo and ex vivo cone density measurements, the AOSLO images were matched to whole-mount immunofluorescence microscopy. Analysis of the tree shrew wavefront indicated that the optics are well-matched to the sampling of the cone mosaic and is consistent with the suggestion that juvenile tree shrews are nearly emmetropic (slightly hyperopic). Compared with in vivo measurements, consistently higher cone density was measured ex vivo, likely due to tissue shrinkage during histological processing. Tree shrews also possess massive mitochondria ("megamitochondria") in their cone inner segments, providing a natural model to assess how mitochondrial size affects in vivo retinal imagery. Intra-animal in vivo and ex vivo axial distance measurements were made in the outer retina with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively, to determine the origin of sub-cellular cone reflectivity seen on OCT. These results demonstrate that these megamitochondria create an additional hyper-reflective outer retinal reflective band in OCT images. The ability to use noninvasive retinal imaging in tree shrews supports development of this species as a model of cone disorders.

Indexed as

AberrometryAnimalsCell CountCorneal Wavefront AberrationMicroscopy, Electron, TransmissionOphthalmoscopyOptical ImagingRefraction, OcularRefractive ErrorsRetinaRetinal Cone Photoreceptor CellsTomography, Optical CoherenceTupaiaAdaptive opticsCone photoreceptorsMegamitochondriaOptical coherence tomographyTree shrew

Identifiers

PMID31158381
PMCPMC6698412
OpenAlexW2947635336

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.