ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2019
Asymptomatic immune responders to Leishmania among HIV positive patients.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Revisiting visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients: Ongoing gaps and advances in diagnostics, therapies, and preventive measures.Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2026Review
- Comprehensive approach to preventing leishmaniasis in adults with nephropathy: a crucial imperative.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Chemokines MIG and IP-10 as Immunological Biomarkers of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Review
- Serological Screening and Risk Factors Associated withMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Potential selection of antimony and methotrexate cross-resistance in Leishmania infantum circulating strains.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Proinflammatory Chemokines in HIV Patients with AsymptomaticTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- High seroprevalence of Leishmania infantum is linked to immune activation in people with HIV: a two-stage cross-sectional study in Bahia, Brazil.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Test combination to detect latent Leishmania infection: A prevalence study in a newly endemic area for L. infantum, northeastern Italy.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Comparison of serum cytokine levels in symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV-Leishmania coinfected individuals from a Brazilian visceral leishmaniasis endemic area.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Identification of asymptomatic Leishmania infections: a scoping review.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Leishmaniasis: A new method for confirming cure and detecting asymptomatic infection in patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment for autoimmune disease.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Effect of immunosuppressants on the parasite load developed in, and immune response to, visceral leishmaniasis: A comparative study in a mouse model.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Precision Medicine in Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused byFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- Case Report: Severe Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Patient with HIV Coinfection Undergoing Treatment for Erythema Nodosum Leprosum.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Article
- Leucocytes and Th-associated Cytokine Profile of HIV-Leishmaniasis Co-Infected Persons Attending Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.The Eurasian journal of medicine · 2020Article
- Implications of asymptomatic infection for the natural history of selected parasitic tropical diseases.Seminars in immunopathology · 2020Review
- Role of asymptomatic and symptomatic humans as reservoirs of visceral leishmaniasis in a Mediterranean context.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Whole Blood Stimulation Assay as a Treatment Outcome Monitoring Tool for VL Patients in Ethiopia: A Pilot Evaluation.Journal of immunology research · 2020Article
- [Visceral leishmaniasis].Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift fur alle Gebiete der operativen Medizen · 2019Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Concomitant infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the Leishmania parasite is a growing public health problem, the result of the former spreading to areas where the latter is endemic. Leishmania infection is usually asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, but the proportion of HIV+ individuals in contact with the parasite who remain asymptomatic is not known. The aim of the present work was to examine the use of cytokine release assays in the detection of asymptomatic immune responders to Leishmania among HIV+ patients with no previous leishmaniasis or current symptomatology. Eighty two HIV+ patients (all from Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain, where a leishmaniasis outbreak occurred in 2009) were examined for Leishmania infantum infection using molecular and humoral response-based methods. None returned a positive molecular or serological result for the parasite. Thirteen subjects showed a positive lymphoproliferative response to soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA), although the mean CD4+ T lymphocyte counts of these patients was below the normal range. Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or whole blood with SLA (the lymphoproliferative assay and whole blood assay respectively), led to the production of specific cytokines and chemokines. Thus, despite being immunocompromised, HIV+ patients can maintain a Th1-type cellular response to Leishmania. In addition, cytokine release assays would appear to be useful tools for detecting these individuals via the identification of IFN-γ in the supernatants of SLA-stimulated PBMC, and of IFN-γ, MIG and IL-2 in SLA-stimulated whole blood. These biomarkers appear to be 100% reliable for detecting asymptomatic immune responders to Leishmania among HIV+ patients.
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