ReviewTrends in cognitive sciences2019
The Heterogeneity Problem: Approaches to Identify Psychiatric Subtypes.
Review in Trends in cognitive sciences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 227 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
227 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Gray Matter Volume Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: Comparisons Between P-Value and Effect Size Inference Frameworks Using Mega- and Meta-Analyses.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of studies using network analysis to assess dynamics of psychotic-like experiences in community samples.Psychological medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Aberrant cortical-subcortical-cerebellar connectivity in resting-state fMRI as an imaging marker of schizophrenia and psychosis: a systematic review of data-driven whole-brain functional connectivity analyses.Frontiers in neuroimaging · 2025Pooled it
- COVID-19 risk, course and outcome in people with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analyses.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Genetic Landscape of Major Depressive Disorder: Assessment of Potential Diagnostic and Antidepressant Response Markers.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Neuropsychology review · 2023Pooled it
- Examining the variability of neurocognitive functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis: a meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- In search of convergent regional brain abnormality in cognitive emotion regulation: A transdiagnostic neuroimaging meta-analysis.Human brain mapping · 2022Pooled it
- Toward a global and reproducible science for brain imaging in neurotrauma: the ENIGMA adult moderate/severe traumatic brain injury working group.Brain imaging and behavior · 2021Pooled it
- Connectomic signatures advance the understandings of transdiagnostic heterogeneity in psychosis.Communications medicine · 2026Review
- Mapping the psychosis spectrum - imaging neurosubtypes from multiscale functional network connectivity.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Using the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) for precision psychiatry.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026Article
- Gut single-microbe landscape in patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Parsing the Functional Heterogeneity of the Psychosis Spectrum: A Clinically Informed Application of Genomic Structural Equation Modeling.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Functional connectivity during positive mood and anxiety treatment response in children.Journal of affective disorders · 2026Article
- Multiscale Heterogeneity of White Matter Morphometry in Psychiatric Disorders.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2026Article
- Reproducible Temperament Profiles in Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Prospectively Predict Clinical Outcomes.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026Article
- Validating objective and scalable speech markers of depression across two independent psychiatric cohorts.Annals of general psychiatry · 2026Article
- Estimating Accelerated Retinal Decline in Mental Health Disorders Through Normative Modeling.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Interrogating cognitive and neural group variation in childhood: Examples in adolescent brain cognitive development and Oregon attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-1000 cohorts.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2026Article
167 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The imprecise nature of psychiatric nosology restricts progress towards characterizing and treating mental health disorders. One issue is the 'heterogeneity problem': different causal mechanisms may relate to the same disorder, and multiple outcomes of interest can occur within one individual. Our review tackles this heterogeneity problem, providing considerations, concepts, and approaches for investigators examining human cognition and mental health. We highlight the difficulty of pure dimensional approaches due to 'the curse of dimensionality'. Computationally, we consider supervised and unsupervised statistical approaches to identify putative subtypes within a population. However, we emphasize that subtype identification should be linked to a particular outcome or question. We conclude with novel hybrid approaches that can identify subtypes tied to outcomes, and may help advance precision diagnostic and treatment tools.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.