ArticlePloS one2019
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotic use in Paschim Bardhaman District: A survey of healthcare providers in West Bengal, India.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Knowledge, attitudes and practices of antimicrobial resistance awareness among healthcare workers in India: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Behavioural interventions to address rational use of antibiotics in outpatient settings of low-income and lower-middle-income countries.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2021Pooled it
- The decision-making process in general practice of when to use antibiotics to treat acute rhinosinusitis.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2026Article
- Antibiotic dispensing practices and determinants among informal healthcare providers in low- and middle-income countries: a mixed-methods scoping review.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Impact of WHO AWaRe Antibiotic Handbook training on antibiotics prescribing knowledge among private primary care providers: a vignette-based, prep-post pilot study in Patna, India.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2026Article
- Navigating Antimicrobial Resistance Insights: An In-Depth Analysis of Healthcare Providers' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices, with an Emphasis on Precision Medicine in Pakistan.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Associated Factors for Purchasing Antibiotics Without a Prescription Among Patients in Rural South Africa: Implications for Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Iraqi Parents Regarding Antibiotic Use in Children and the Implications.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Status and implications of the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards AWaRe antibiotic use, resistance and stewardship among low- and middle-income countries.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Review
- Article
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Toward Antibiotic Use in Food-Producing Animals Among University Students in Seven Cities in Southern and Central China: A Cross-Sectional Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Walking a tightrope: perspectives of non-degree allopathic providers (NDAPs) on providing diabetes and hypertension care in urban informal settlements of Mumbai Metropolitan Region.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Antibiotic Prescribing Decisions for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Among Primary Healthcare Physicians in China: A Mixed-Methods Approach Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Leveraging the social networks of informal healthcare providers for universal health coverage: insights from the Indian Sundarbans.Health policy and planning · 2024Article
- Article
- Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Mothers Working as Nurses Toward Multidrug-Resistant: Impact of an Educational Program in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.Infection and drug resistance · 2024Article
- Behavioral practices towards antibiotic use among health care workers - Sierra Leone, 2021: a facility-based cross-sectional study.The Pan African medical journal · 2024Article
- Awareness Regarding Antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic Prescribing Behavior among Physicians: Results from a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey in India.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Antimicrobial stewardship in primary health care programs in humanitarian settings: the time to act is now.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionAntibiotic misuse is widespread and contributes to antibiotic resistance, especially in less regulated health systems such as India. Although informal providers are involved with substantial segments of primary healthcare, their level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices is not well documented in the literature.
objectivesThis quantitative study systematically examines the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of informal and formal providers with respect to antibiotic use.
methodsWe surveyed a convenience sample of 384 participants (96 allopathic doctors, 96 nurses, 96 informal providers, and 96 pharmacy shopkeepers) over a period of 8 weeks from December to February using a validated questionnaire developed in Italy. Our team created an equivalent, composite KAP score for each respondent in the survey, which was subsequently compared between providers. We then performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to estimate the odds of having a low composite score (<80) based on occupation by comparing allopathic doctors (referent category) with all other study participants. The model was adjusted for age (included as a continuous variable) and gender.
resultsDoctors scored highest in questions assessing knowledge (77.3%) and attitudes (87.3%), but performed poorly in practices (67.6%). Many doctors knew that antibiotics were not indicated for viral infections, but over 87% (n = 82) reported prescribing them in this situation. Nurses, pharmacy shopkeepers, and informal providers were more likely to perform poorly on the survey compared to allopathic doctors (OR: 10.4, 95% CI 5.4, 20.0, p<0.01). 30.8% (n = 118) of all providers relied on pharmaceutical company representatives as a major source of information about antibiotics.
conclusionsOur findings indicate poor knowledge and awareness of antibiotic use and functions among informal health providers, and dissonance between knowledge and practices among allopathic doctors. The nexus between allopathic doctors, pharmaceutical company representatives, and informal health providers present promising avenues for future research and intervention.
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