ArticlePain2019
Effects of smoking on patients with chronic pain: a propensity-weighted analysis on the Collaborative Health Outcomes Information Registry.
Article in Pain, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- A multi-ancestry genetic study of pain intensity in 598,339 veterans.Nature medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Establishing the interpretability and utility of the 4-item BriefPCS.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- A scoping review on the characteristics of chronic pain registries.Pain reports · 2026Review
- Exploring tobacco, cannabis, and pain-related sleep disturbance among people with and without HIV enrolled in a tobacco smoking cessation trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Mental Health Risk Factors for Postoperative Pain in Head and Neck Free Flap Reconstruction Patients.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Health-related factors and epigenetic alterations in metabolic comorbidities patients and smokers with carpal tunnel syndrome: a preliminary investigation of patient-derived samples.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Article
- Causal evidence linking chronic pain genetics to late-onset asthma via the nervous system.British journal of anaesthesia · 2026Article
- Article
- Trajectories and risk factors for long-term breast symptoms following breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy: a single centre analysis.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- Patterns of multimorbidity among low-income adults who smoke with implications for tailored interventions: a cluster analysis using a Mixture of Bernoulli model.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- The Role of Sleep Impairment in Associations Between Pain and Nicotine/Tobacco Dependence in Wave 6 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.Substance use & misuse · 2026Article
- Minimal clinically important difference, substantial clinical benefit, and patient acceptable symptomatic state associated with upper extremity patient-reported outcome measurement information system scores following the Latarjet procedure.JSES reviews, reports, and techniques · 2025Article
- The role of sleep difficulties in the relation between pain and smoking cessation processes.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Article
- Advancing perioperative care: introducing patient-centered comfort management.Gland surgery · 2025Review
- Role of ncRNAs in the Development of Chronic Pain.Non-coding RNA · 2025Review
- Global Trends in Risk Factors for Low Back Pain: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study Data From 1990 to 2021.Arthritis care & research · 2025Article
- Lifestyle and Clinical Predictors of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in Lumbosacral Stenosis-Related Ligamentum Flavum Degeneration.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Spinal cord stimulator utilization trends and predictors of unsuccessful trial-to-implant conversion.North American Spine Society journal · 2025Article
- Review of Guidelines for Implantable Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS) in the Management of Chronic Pain.Current pain and headache reports · 2025Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is associated with adverse health effects, and its relationship to pain is complex. The longitudinal effect of smoking on patients attending a tertiary pain management center is not well established. Using the Collaborative Health Outcomes Information Registry of patients attending the Stanford Pain Management Center from 2013 to 2017, we conducted a propensity-weighted analysis to determine independent effects of smoking on patients with chronic pain. We adjusted for covariates including age, sex, body mass index, depression and anxiety history, ethnicity, alcohol use, marital status, disability, and education. We compared smokers and nonsmokers on pain intensity, physical function, sleep, and psychological and mood variables using self-reported NIH PROMIS outcomes. We also conducted a linear mixed-model analysis to determine effect of smoking over time. A total of 12,368 patients completed the CHOIR questionnaire of which 8584 patients had complete data for propensity analysis. Smokers at time of pain consultation reported significantly worse pain intensities, pain interference, pain behaviors, physical functioning, fatigue, sleep-related impairment, sleep disturbance, anger, emotional support, depression, and anxiety symptoms than nonsmokers (all P < 0.001). In mixed-model analysis, smokers tended to have worse pain interference, fatigue, sleep-related impairment, anger, emotional support, and depression over time compared with nonsmokers. Patients with chronic pain who smoke have worse pain, functional, sleep, and psychological and mood outcomes compared with nonsmokers. Smoking also has prognostic importance for poor recovery and improvement over time. Further research is needed on tailored therapies to assist people with chronic pain who smoke and to determine an optimal strategy to facilitate smoking cessation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.