SynthesisAmerican journal of epidemiology2019
Risk Factors for Bites and Diseases Associated With Black-Legged Ticks: A Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in American journal of epidemiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prevalence and Associated Factors ofMicroorganisms · 2026Review
- Risk Factors for Tick-Borne Diseases in Germany: A Scoping Review.Zoonoses and public health · 2026Article
- Consultations in general practice related to a tick bite episode in mainland France in 2023-2024.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Risk Factors for Lyme Disease in the General Population-A Survey of Adults and Caregivers in 28 States.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Review
- 'You adapt, and you try not to resent it': a qualitative study exploring impacts of living with ticks and barriers to adopting preventive measures in Canada.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Risk factors for Lyme disease among residents of rural, suburban, and urban areas in the United States: a case-control study.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Understanding Ixodes ricinus occurrence in private yards: influence of yard and landscape features.International journal of health geographics · 2024Article
- Behavioral and cognitive factors influencing tick-borne disease risk in northeast China: Implications for prevention and control strategies.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2024Article
- Article
- Collaborative Modeling of the Tick-Borne Disease Social-Ecological System: A Conceptual Framework.EcoHealth · 2023Review
- Tick bite risk factors and prevention measures in an area with emerging Powassan virus disease.Public health challenges · 2023Article
- Does Experimental Reduction of Blacklegged Tick (Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Passive Surveillance of Human-BitingInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Spatial variation in risk for tick-borne diseases in residential areas of Dutchess County, New York.PloS one · 2023Article
- Risky business: human-related data is lacking from Lyme disease risk models.Frontiers in public health · 2023Review
- Article
- Risk of tick-borne pathogen spillover into urban yards in New York City.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Effects of Tick-Control Interventions on Tick Abundance, Human Encounters with Ticks, and Incidence of Tickborne Diseases in Residential Neighborhoods, New York, USA.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The emergence and spread of Lyme disease and other infections associated with black-legged ticks is causing a public health crisis. No human vaccines are currently available, and both diagnosis and treatment are sometimes ineffectual, leading to advocacy for self-directed preventative measures. These recommendations are widely communicated to the public, but there is limited evidence for their efficacy. We undertook a systematic review and mixed-effects meta-regression analysis of factors purported to increase or decrease risk of black-legged tick bites and tick-borne disease. Published articles used in the study spanned the years 1984-2018. Variables associated with increased probability of tick-borne disease, with odds ratios significantly greater than 1, included deer abundance, high density of nymph-stage black-legged ticks, landscapes with interspersed herbaceous and forested habitat, low human population density, gardens, cat ownership, and race. Contrary to recommendations, use of landscape-related tick control measures, such as clearing brush, trimming branches, and having a dry barrier between lawn and woods, tended to increase risk. Pet ownership increased bite risk. Bite risk was highest for children aged 5 years or less, with a secondary peak in persons aged 50-70 years. Although some widely disseminated recommendations are supported by the research analyzed, others require further evaluation. Additional research is also needed to understand the mechanisms underlying significant relationships.
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