ReviewTherapeutic advances in cardiovascular disease
Inflammation, depression and cardiovascular disease in women: the role of the immune system across critical reproductive events.
Review in Therapeutic advances in cardiovascular disease. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Cardiovascular diseases and depression: A meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Clinical practice guideline of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women.Archivos de cardiologia de Mexico · 2022Guideline
- Gene-disease association study of tumor necrosis factor-α G-308A gene polymorphism with risk of major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Brain and behavior · 2020Pooled it
- Anxiety and Depression in Women's Cardiovascular Health: Risk Modifiers, Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Review
- Large artery stiffness is elevated in women with a prior pregnancy conceived via in vitro fertilization.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Article
- Effect of Venlafaxine on Inflammatory Level in Patients with Depression.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Article
- Association between socioeconomic status and cardiovascular disease by sex: Mediating roles of psychological and behavioral factors.PloS one · 2026Article
- Asking the right questions: How PMS question phrasing impacts responses in an English speaking, online sample.Archives of women's mental health · 2025Article
- Associations between psychological or biological stress indicators and gut microbiota in pregnant women - findings from a prospective longitudinal study.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Association between peripartum cardiomyopathy and mood disorders in a large, national U.S. cohort.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Gender-Specific Insights into Depression in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease: Findings from a Pilot Study Using a Self-Developed Questionnaire.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Addressing Psychosocial Care Needs in Women with Peripheral Artery Disease.Current cardiology reports · 2024Review
- Considering the role of estradiol in the psychoneuroimmunology of perimenopausal depression.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- The association between levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and comorbid depression in patients with cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Heart Study.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2024Article
- Depressed, stressed, and inflamed: C-reactive protein linked with depression symptoms in midlife women with both childhood and current life stress.Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress · 2024Article
- Moderating Effect of Muscular Strength in the Association between Cardiovascular Events and Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged and Older Adults-A Cross Sectional Study.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Gender-specific genetic and epigenetic signatures in cardiovascular disease.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Review
- Mediation of the Association Between Vascular Risk Factors and Depressive Symptoms by C-Reactive Protein.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2023Article
- Addressing Cardiovascular Risk Across the Arc of a Woman's Life: Sex-Specific Prevention and Treatment.Current cardiology reports · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Women are at increased risk for developing depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD) across the lifespan and their comorbidity is associated with adverse outcomes that contribute significantly to rates of morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Immune-system activity has been implicated in the etiology of both depression and CVD, but it is unclear how inflammation contributes to sex differences in this comorbidity. This narrative review provides an updated synthesis of research examining the association of inflammation with depression and CVD, and their comorbidity in women. Recent research provides evidence of pro-inflammatory states and sex differences associated with alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the serotonin/kynurenine pathway, that likely contribute to the development of depression and CVD. Changes to inflammatory cytokines in relation to reproductive periods of hormonal fluctuation (i.e. the menstrual cycle, perinatal period and menopause) are highlighted and provide a greater understanding of the unique vulnerability women experience in developing both depressed mood and adverse cardiovascular events. Inflammatory biomarkers hold substantial promise when combined with a patient's reproductive and mental health history to aid in the prediction, identification and treatment of the women most at risk for CVD and depression. However, more research is needed to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying inflammation in relation to their comorbidity, and how these findings can be translated to improve women's health.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.