ArticleFrontiers in immunology2019
The Number of X Chromosomes Influences Inflammatory Cytokine Production Following Toll-Like Receptor Stimulation.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Meta-analysis of 27,492 Patients.The Laryngoscope · 2021Pooled it
- Sex, Sex Hormones and Inflammatory Burden and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Spondyloarthritis.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Is Oestradiol a Key Player in the Sex Differences in Innate Immunity Through Toll-like Receptor Activation?Cells · 2026Article
- Burden of Liver Disease Among Individuals With Turner Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome: A Comprehensive Perspective.Chronic diseases and translational medicine · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Metabolite-Immune Circuits of Neuroinflammation.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Xp22.33 Duplication Encompassing PAR1 in a Male with Syndromic Neurodevelopmental Disorder and Tall Stature.Genes · 2026Article
- Mind the "CRP gender gap"! sex differences in CRP evolution over time in neonatal sepsis: a monocentric retrospective cohort study.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Monocyte-derived macrophages and their roles in ischemic stroke.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2026Review
- Association of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-α With Severe Pediatric COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.Biomarker insights · 2026Article
- Enhanced TLR7-induced interferon responses in women living with HIV.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- White blood cell and neutrophil trends in likely early-onset neonatal sepsis: a sex-stratified analysis before and after antibiotic therapy.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Epigenetic Clock Analysis of Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies.Aging cell · 2025Article
- Maternal Aspartame Exposure Induces Neonatal Pulmonary Metabolic Dysregulation and Redox Imbalance: A Multiomics Investigation of Gut Microbiota-Host Interactions.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2025Article
- Multidisciplinary Management of an Atypical Gigantic Sciatic Nerve Schwannoma: Case Presentation and Systematic Review.NeuroSci · 2025Article
- Influence of biological sex in inflammatory bowel diseases.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Review
- Article
- Soluble TNFR1 has greater reproducibility than IL-6 for the assessment of chronic inflammation in older adults: the case for a new inflammatory marker in aging.GeroScience · 2024Article
- Article
- Investigating the Effects of Sex Hormones on Macrophage Polarization.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Immune dynamics throughout life in relation to sex hormones and perspectives gained from gender-affirming hormone therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex differences are observed in the evolution of numerous inflammatory conditions. Women exhibit better clinical courses compared to men in acute inflammatory processes, yet worse prognosis in several chronic inflammatory diseases. Inflammatory markers are significantly different between prepubertal boys and girls, whose sex steroid levels are very low, suggesting genetics play a role. To evaluate the potential influence of the X chromosome, we studied cytokine production and protein phosphorylation following Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation in whole blood and purified neutrophils and monocytes of healthy adults of both sexes as well as subjects with Klinefelter syndrome. We recorded higher levels of inflammatory cytokines in men compared to both women and patients with Klinefelter syndrome following whole blood stimulation. In purified monocytes, production of inflammatory cytokines was also higher in men compared to women, while Klinefelter subjects expressed the same pattern of cytokine production as males, in contrast with whole blood analyses. These differences remained after adjusting for sex steroid levels. Our study revealed higher cytokine inflammatory responses in men than women, yet also compared to subjects with Klinefelter syndrome, who carry two copies of the X chromosome, like women, and thus potentially benefit from the cellular mosaicism of X-linked genes.
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