ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2019
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Roles of EETs in Neurological Disorders.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Review
- Topliss-Guided Optimization of Acetanilide-Based Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors: Exploring the Pentafluorosulfanyl Group as a Potency-Enhancing Motif.ChemMedChem · 2026Article
- Lipid metabolism, microglia, and stroke.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Dimethoxybenzohomoadamantane-based soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors:Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- The soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor TPPU alleviates Aβ-mediated neuroinflammatory responses in Drosophila melanogaster and cellular models of alzheimer's disease.Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2025Article
- Effects of sEH inhibition on the eicosanoid and cytokine storms in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2024Article
- Synthesis and Selective Anticancer Activity Evaluation of 2-phenylacrylonitrile Derivatives as Tubulin Inhibitors.Current medicinal chemistry · 2024Article
- Quantification of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in experimental and clinical samples using the nanobody-based ELISA.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2023Article
- Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase reduces paraquat neurotoxicity in rodents.Environmental toxicology and pharmacology · 2023Article
- Lipidome modulation by dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation or selective soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition suppresses rough LPS-accelerated glomerulonephritis in lupus-prone mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Synthesis, In Vitro Profiling, and In Vivo Evaluation of Benzohomoadamantane-Based Ureas for Visceral Pain: A New Indication for Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2022Article
- A Distinct Metabolically Defined Central Nucleus Circuit Bidirectionally Controls Anxiety-Related Behaviors.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2022Article
- Article
- A Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor, 1-TrifluoromethoxyPhenyl-3-(1-Propionylpiperidin-4-yl) Urea, Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Movement to the Clinic of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor EC5026 as an Analgesic for Neuropathic Pain and for Use as a Nonaddictive Opioid Alternative.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2021Article
- Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition improves cognitive function and parenchymal artery dilation in a hypertensive model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994) · 2021Article
- An epoxide hydrolase inhibitor reduces neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.Science translational medicine · 2020Article
- Small Molecule Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors in Multitarget and Combination Therapies for Inflammation and Cancer.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Neurologic effects of short-term treatment with a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor after cardiac arrest in pediatric swine.BMC neuroscience · 2020Article
- Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor mediated analgesia lacks tolerance in rat models.Brain research · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
1-(1-Propionylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)urea (TPPU) is a potent soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor that is used extensively in research for modulating inflammation and protecting against hypertension, neuropathic pain, and neurodegeneration. Despite its wide use in various animal disease models, the metabolism of TPPU has not been well-studied. A broader understanding of its metabolism is critical for determining contributions of metabolites to the overall safety and effectiveness of TPPU. Herein, we describe the identification of TPPU metabolites using LC-MS/MS strategies. Four metabolites of TPPU (M1-M4) were identified from rat urine by a sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method with double precursor ion scans. Their structures were further supported by LC-MS/MS comparison with synthesized standards. Metabolites M1 and M2 were formed from hydroxylation on a propionyl group of TPPU; M3 was formed by amide hydrolysis of the 1-propionylpiperdinyl group on TPPU; and M4 was formed by further oxidation of the hydroxylated metabolite M2. Interestingly, the predicted α-keto amide metabolite and 4-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline (metabolite from urea cleavage) were not detected by the LC-MRM-MS method. This indicates that if formed, the two potential metabolites represent <0.01% of TPPU metabolism. Species differences in the formation of these four identified metabolites was assessed using liver S9 fractions from dog, monkey, rat, mouse, and human. M1, M2, and M3 were generated in liver S9 fractions from all species, and higher amounts of M3 were generated in monkey S9 fractions compared to other species. In addition, rat and human S9 metabolism showed the highest species similarity based on the quantities of each metabolite. The presence of all four metabolites were confirmed
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.