Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31139966›Full record

ReviewCurrent psychiatry reports2019

Neurofeedback as a Treatment Intervention in ADHD: Current Evidence and Practice.

Stefanie Enriquez-Geppert, Diede Smit, Miguel Garcia Pimenta, Martijn Arns

Registry-linked trialAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Current psychiatry reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06748976 (EEG Alpha Rhythm Modulation Using Sham Neurofeedback During Attentional Control in a Virtual Reality Environment), which is not on this map. Cited by 73 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
73citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06748976 recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

EEG Alpha Rhythm Modulation Using Sham Neurofeedback During Attentional Control in a Virtual Reality Environment

TypeobservationalSponsorNational Council of Scientific and Technical Research, ArgentinaRan2025 to 2025Enrolled35ConditionsRumination, Chronic Pain, FibromyalgiaArmsPositive sham neurofeedback, Negative sham neurofeedback, Control
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

73 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  14. EEG Neurofeedback in the Treatment of Adults with Binge-Eating Disorder: a Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2022
    Trial
  15. Neurofeedback for functional neurological disorders: future directions for research and clinical practice.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2026
    Review
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13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Stefanie Enriquez-GeppertDepartment of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands. S.Enriquez.Geppert@rug.nl.
Diede SmitDepartment of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Miguel Garcia PimentaDepartment of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Martijn ArnsDepartment of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purpose of reviewCurrent traditional treatments for ADHD present serious limitations in terms of long-term maintenance of symptom remission and side effects. Here, we provide an overview of the rationale and scientific evidence of the efficacy of neurofeedback in regulating the brain functions in ADHD. We also review the institutional and professional regulation of clinical neurofeedback implementations. RECENT

findingsBased on meta-analyses and (large multicenter) randomized controlled trials, three standard neurofeedback training protocols, namely theta/beta (TBR), sensori-motor rhythm (SMR), and slow cortical potential (SCP), turn out to be efficacious and specific. However, the practical implementation of neurofeedback as a clinical treatment is currently not regulated. We conclude that neurofeedback based on standard protocols in ADHD should be considered as a viable treatment alternative and suggest that further research is needed to understand how specific neurofeedback protocols work. Eventually, we emphasize the need for standard neurofeedback training for practitioners and binding standards for use in clinical practice.

Indexed as

NeurofeedbackAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityHumansMeta-Analysis as TopicRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicTreatment OutcomeADHDBrain computer interfaceClinical practiceCurrent statusNeurofeedback

Identifiers

PMID31139966
PMCPMC6538574

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.