ReviewPsychopharmacology2019
Beyond the brain: A multi-system inflammatory subtype of autism spectrum disorder.
Review in Psychopharmacology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- UTMOST, a single and cross-tissue TWAS (Transcriptome Wide Association Study), reveals new ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) associated genes.Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Brief Report: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover, Proof-of-Concept Study of Minocycline in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Trial
- Microglia as critical mediators linking perinatal immune stress to mental health trajectories.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Approaches for Predicting the Occurrence of Challenging Behaviors in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Narrative Review.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Review
- Neurocognitive mechanisms underlying autism spectrum disorders: a literature review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Review
- The Strategy of Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) in the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Article
- Maternal risk factors vary between subpopulations of children with autism spectrum disorder.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2022Article
- Cognitive correlates of autism spectrum disorder symptoms.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2021Article
- A profile and review of findings from the Early Markers for Autism study: unique contributions from a population-based case-control study in California.Molecular autism · 2021Review
- Serum adiponectin levels are reduced in autism spectrum disorder and association with severity of symptoms.Metabolic brain disease · 2021Article
- Bridging the Gap Between Physical Health and Autism Spectrum Disorder.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2020Review
- Maternal elevated salt consumption and the development of autism spectrum disorder in the offspring.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2019Review
- Associations between Monocyte and T Cell Cytokine Profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Effects of Dysregulated Innate Immune Responses on Adaptive Responses to Recall Antigens in a Subset of ASD Children.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
- Review of Clinical Studies Targeting Inflammatory Pathways for Individuals With Autism.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2019Review
- A rational pharmacologic approach toward a biologically meaningful subtype of autism spectrum disorder.Jornal de pediatriaArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
An immune-mediated subtype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has long been hypothesized. This article reviews evidence from family history studies of autoimmunity, immunogenetics, maternal immune activation, neuroinflammation, and systemic inflammation, which suggests immune dysfunction in ASD. Individuals with ASD have higher rates of co-morbid medical illness than the general population. Major medical co-morbidities associated with ASD are discussed by body system. Mechanisms by which FDA-approved and emerging treatments for ASD act upon the immune system are then reviewed. We conclude by proposing the hypothesis of an immune-mediated subtype of ASD which is characterized by systemic, multi-organ inflammation or immune dysregulation with shared mechanisms that drive both the behavioral and physical illnesses associated with ASD. Although gaps in evidence supporting this hypothesis remain, benefits of this conceptualization include framing future research questions that will help define a clinically meaningful subset of patients and focusing clinical interactions on early detection and treatment of high-risk medical illnesses as well as interfering behavioral signs and symptoms across the lifespan.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.